Abstract
ABSTRACT Garcinia madruno (Kunth) Hammel is a neotropical tree that naturally occurs in terra firme forests and is important as a source of income and medicine for Amazonian populations. This study describes and compares the morphoanatomical responses of plants under conditions of stress and normoxia. Young plants of Garcinia madruno were subjected to two water regimes: daily controlled irrigation and waterlogged for 84 days. Hypertrophic lenticels, adventitious roots and anatomical characteristics of the roots and leaves were evaluated on days 0, 21, 42, 63 and 84. There were no changes in leaf structure, but cracks and hypertrophic lenticels appeared on the stems, there was an increase in blackness of the roots and the plants formed adventitious roots to adapt to the flooded environment. The anatomical changes in the roots of the flooded plants were thickening of the exodermis in the main root and of the pericycle in the lateral roots, and a large increase in the amount of aerenchyma. Histochemical tests detected starch in the midrib, mesophyll, stem and root of flooded plants, and in the petiole of control plants. In the waterlogged plants, phenolic compounds were found in the petiole and alkaloids were found in the midrib, petiole and root.
Highlights
Garcinia madruno (Kunth) Hammel is commonly known as bacurizinho (Pará), produces small fruits, mainly from January to May, and is native to Amazonia where the fruits are eaten (SACRAMENTO et al, 2007; COSTA et al, 2012)
Morphology Hypertrophic lenticels, a morphological change frequently related to survival in flooded environments (MOMMER et al, 2006) and found in the species of the present study, allow oxygen to enter and volatile compounds to exit, such as ethylene, ethanol and acetaldehyde, and toxic products of the anaerobic metabolism (KOLB; JOLY, 2009)
These structures are connected to channels of aerenchyma that transport O2 to areas of the roots (KOLB; JOLY, 2009)
Summary
Garcinia madruno (Kunth) Hammel is commonly known as bacurizinho (Pará), produces small fruits, mainly from January to May, and is native to Amazonia where the fruits are eaten (SACRAMENTO et al, 2007; COSTA et al, 2012). According to Lorenzi (2009), in Amazonia Garcinia madruno (Kunth) Hammel occurs mainly in terra firme forest on well-drained land. Understanding the adaptive characteristics of G. madruno under inundated conditions is an important step to understanding the survival strategies of this species, especially because it is both ecologically and economically (fruits and wood) important (LORENZI, 2009). Despite the great importance of G. madruno, information about its morphoanatomical response to flooding requires further study in relation to possible plasticity. The objective of the present work was to describe and evaluate G. madruno under flooded conditions by analyzing morphoanatomical aspects
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