Abstract
The goal of the present study was to characterize anatomical and biochemical changes in rice plant roots in response to seed treatment with rhizobacteria (Burkholderia pyrrocinia(R-46) +Pseudomonas fluorescens(R-55)) andTrichoderma asperellum(Ta: mixture of strains T-06, T-09, T-12, and T-52). The experimental design was completely randomized, with six treatments (R-46, R-55, R-46 + R-55, Ta+ R-46 + R-55, Ta, and control) and ten replicates. Treatments Ta and R-46 + R-55 increased the root length and diameter as well as the cortex expansion and induced a 2% expansion of the aerenchymal space. Treatments Ta and R-46 increased the vascular cylinder diameter. The number of protoxylem poles and metaxylem vessel elements was increased by R-46 and R-55. The total phenol content increased with treatments Ta, R-46 + R-55, R-46, and R-55, and all the treatments increased the flavonoid content. The lignin content increased with the Ta and R-55 treatments. All the root architecture modifications resulting from the interaction between seedlings and bioagents (rhizobacteria andTrichodermaspp.) observed in the present study favored the root plasticity of rice seedlings.
Highlights
Upland rice is planted in few regions worldwide
Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and the fungus T. asperellum are referred to in the literature as promoting plant growth through chemical signaling that elicits hormone and enzyme metabolic pathways related to oxidative stress [5], induction of structural changes in host plant cells, increases in the uptake of macronutrients such as P and N, and induction of systemic resistance (ISR) [6]
Significant differences in root length and root/leaf ratio were observed among the treatments with seeds microbiolized with the four T. asperellum isolates and the combination of the two rhizobacteria (B. pyrrocinia + P. fluorescens) (Table 1)
Summary
Upland rice is planted in few regions worldwide. It presents advantages compared to floodland rice due to its lower production costs and water consumption. The low productivity is attributed to water stress, which causes low initial vigor of the seedling root, deficiency in the uptake of nitrogen in the form of nitrate (NO3−) at early stages of rice plant development, lack of plant response to inputs under successive planting, and the occurrence of rice blast [1,2,3]. Biofertilizers are fertilizers composed of living microorganisms that promote plant growth when in contact with seeds or roots [4]. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and the fungus T. asperellum are referred to in the literature as promoting plant growth through chemical signaling that elicits hormone and enzyme metabolic pathways related to oxidative stress [5], induction of structural changes in host plant cells, increases in the uptake of macronutrients such as P and N, and induction of systemic resistance (ISR) [6]
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