Abstract
To analyze the effects of four universal adhesives (Optibond Solo Plus—OB, Universal Bond—UB, Prime&Bond Active—PBA, FuturaBond M + —FB) on human gingival fibroblasts in terms of cytotoxicity, morphology and function. After in vitro exposure for up to 48 h, fibroblast viability was determined by the MTT assay determined, morphology by phase-contrast microscopy and migration by the scratch wound assay. Expression levels of IL1β, IL6, IL8, IL10, TNFα and VEGF genes were assessed by RT-PCR and their protein production by Western blot analysis. Apoptosis and cell cycle were analyzed by flow cytometry. OB and UB induced early morphological changes on fibroblasts (3 h) with extended cell death at 24 h/48 h. Gene expression of collagen type I and fibronectin increased fivefold compared with controls, elastin disappeared and elastase increased threefold, indicating gingival tissue tended to become fibrotic. Only UB and OB increased gene expression of inflammatory markers: IL1β at 3 and 48 h (up to about three times), IL6 and IL8 at 3 h (up to almost four times) which corresponded to the increase of the activated form NF-kB. All adhesives showed an effect on the functionality of fibroblasts with cytotoxic effect time and concentration dependent. Among all the OB and UB adhesives, they showed the greatest cell damage. The in-depth analysis of the effects of universal adhesives and possible functional effects represents an important information for the clinician towards choosing the most suitable adhesive system.
Highlights
Universal adhesives were developed to solve clinical and practical problems in conservative dentistry allowing to obtain shortening [1] or fewer procedures and less manipulation during acid conditioning [2]
After 48 h, cell numbers dropped and numerous detachable, round cells were detected, indicating that adhesive extracts had a toxic effect. All these changes were more marked in cells that were treated with Optibond Solo Plus (OB) and Universal Bond (UB) extracts (Fig. 2)
The present study was designed to assess the effects of 4 universal dental adhesives on the adaptative cell responses of human gingival fibroblasts
Summary
Universal adhesives were developed to solve clinical and practical problems in conservative dentistry allowing to obtain shortening [1] or fewer procedures and less manipulation during acid conditioning [2]. Several studies associated adhesives with contact dermatitis, lichenoid reactions, sensitization reaction, parakeratosis or hyperkeratosis [9]. Many investigated their biocompatibility showing that 90% of residual TEGDMA and HEMA monomers were released within the first 24 h [10]. No difference in cytotoxicity emerged in several studies [16, 18, 19], others observed etch and rinse [20,21,22,23] and self-etch adhesives [19, 24, 25] were associated with high cytotoxicity levels. Cytotoxic results were unclear in others [1, 17, 26, 27]
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