Moringa Oleifera Leaf Extract Repairs the Oxidative Misbalance following Sub-Chronic Exposure to Sodium Fluoride in Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus.

Nirmen F Ahmed,Kadry M Sadek,Saleh N Maodaa,Jamaan S Ajarem,Asmaa F Khafaga,Ahmed A Allam,Reyad H Khalil,Magdy Kh Soliman

doi:10.3390/ani10040626

Abstract

Simple SummaryThe present study investigated the antioxidant effect of ethanolic extract of Moringa Oleifera (MO) leaves against sodium fluoride-induced toxicity in Nile tilapia. It is concluded that MO leaves are a promising antioxidant plant via downregulation of lipid peroxidation, and upregulation of antioxidant enzyme activity including SOD, CAT, GPx, GSH, and TAC in liver, kidney, gills, and muscle tissue in a time-dependent manner, in addition to downregulation of mRNA expression of antioxidant-related genes.The potential antioxidant property of Moringa oleifera (MO) has been the recent focus of an increased number of studies. However few studies investigated its antioxidative ability against sodium fluoride-induced redox balance breakdown in Oreochromis niloticus. Thus, this study evaluates the effects of MO against the oxidative stress induced by sub-chronic exposure to sodium fluoride (NaF). A total of 264 fish (40 ± 3 g BW) were used to calculate the 96 hr-LC50 of NaF and perform the sub-chronic exposure study. 96 hr-LC50 of NaF was calculated as (61 mg/L). The 1/10 dose of the calculated 96 hr-LC50 (6.1 mg/L) was used to complete the sub chronic exposure for eight weeks. Fish were divided into four groups (n = 51; three replicates each); control, non-treated group; NaF group (exposed to NaF 6.1 mg/L); MO group (treated with 1% MO of diet); and NaF+MO (exposed to NaF 6.1 mg/L and treated with 1% MO of diet). The results revealed that the sub-chronic exposure to NaF (6.1 mg/L) was substantially increased malondialdehyde (MDA) and decrease the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reduced (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in the gills, liver, kidney, and muscle tissue in a time-dependent manner. In addition, a significant reduction in mRNA expression of GST in the liver was reported following NaF exposure. On the contrary, dietary supplementation of MO to NaF-exposed fish resulted in a significant reduction in MDA levels, and a significant elevation of SOD, CAT, GSH, GPx, and TAC activities in a time-dependent manner, in addition to significant elevation of GST mRNA expression in liver tissue. It could be concluded that a 1% MO (w/w) ration is a promising antioxidant plant that may successfully use to interfere with the oxidation processes induced by NaF in various tissues of Oreochromis niloticus.

Highlights

The increased fluoride concentration usually leads to adverse impact on the cells of aquatic organisms due to various enzyme inhibitions [9]. These enzymatic responses are related to the increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) leading to oxidative stress [49,50]
On the basis of the present findings, it can be concluded that increased sodium fluoride content in water causes adverse oxidative stress on various fish tissues
The changes of tissue biomarkers as antioxidant enzymes were the physiological responses of O. niloticus to the stress of sodium fluoride exposure

Summary

Introduction

Elevated concentrations of fluoride were reported to delay the hatching of fertilized eggs of freshwater fish [5], inhibit fish growth, such as length and weight [6], and accumulated in fish bone, gill, cartilage, and skin [7]. These findings may suggest the economic and medicinal needs to find suitable herbal remedy to reduce these adverse effects of fluoride on fish.

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Results

Discussion

Conclusion