Abstract

Some properties are easy to measure, and thus quite intuitive, e.g., pressure p, temperature T and specific volume v. Accordingly, the thermal equation of state, p (T, v) can be measured with relative ease. Other properties cannot be measured directly, for instance internal energy u or enthalpy h, which must be determined by means of applying the first law to a calorimeter, or entropy s, which must be determined from other properties by integration of the Gibbs equation.

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