Abstract
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Major funding for the project in Institut Pasteur was provided by the Institut Pasteur International Network with Actions Concertees InterPasteuriennes 2003/687 and 2006/562. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Highlights
In their recent review entitled ‘‘Emerging technologies for the detection of rabies virus: challenges and hopes in the 21st century’’, Fooks et al [2] provide information on some of the latest techniques to detect rabies virus or nucleic acid in diagnostic samples
Several biological samples can be used for intra-vitam diagnosis of human rabies: saliva, cerebral spinal fluid (CSF), [2] and skin biopsies containing hair follicles collected at the nape of the neck, extracted hair follicles, tears, and urine [3,4,5]
The collection of brain biopsy samples [6] should be discouraged for intra-vitam diagnosis and should be restricted to post-mortem diagnosis
Summary
Over the past 10 years, new techniques and protocols have been proposed for rabies diagnosis, especially in humans. This paper provides a review of recent publications relating to the evaluation of methods for human rabies diagnosis in developing country settings in order to highlight the sampling methods and techniques that are likely to give the most reliable results. In their recent review entitled ‘‘Emerging technologies for the detection of rabies virus: challenges and hopes in the 21st century’’, Fooks et al [2] provide information on some of the latest techniques to detect rabies virus or nucleic acid in diagnostic samples. Additional major techniques not mentioned by Fooks et al [2] are available, some concerning recent studies addressing the broader challenge of human rabies diagnosis in developing countries, which we aim to describe here
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