Abstract
Although attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been studied for over a century, it is only in the last 3–4 decades that it has been studied in adults, along with the emotional dysregulation (ED) that often occurs with it. Increasing evidence suggests high rates of ED or mood-related psychiatric comorbidities in adults with ADHD, and marked impairment when such problems co-occur with ADHD. Experts have suggested three main approaches to understanding the relationship of ED with adult ADHD: (1) as a subtype of the ADHD, (2) as a core feature of the ADHD, or (3) as a co-travelling symptom with it. While psychobiological factors contribute to the link between ED and ADHD, the relative contribution of genetic factors or other factors is unclear. Accurate assessment of ED in an adult ADHD requires a comprehensive clinical interview verifying the symptoms, course and impairment, and to rule out other psychiatric comorbidities and organic causes having similar symptoms. Various self-report and clinician-administered measures can also be useful. Psychotherapy and/or pharmacotherapy have proven effective for treating adults with ADHD and ED. Future research is needed to clarify how ADHD and ED are related, and how clinicians can more effectively diagnose and treat adults having both disorders.
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