Mood disturbance, but not overall diet quality, is associated with fecal microbiome diversity in free-living adults

Abstract

ABSTRACT Objectives To investigate the gut-brain axis, we explored the relationships among mood disturbance (MD), diet quality (DQ), and fecal microbiota in free-living adults. Methods A cross-sectional analysis was conducted with data from 75 healthy adults enrolled in two studies. Anthropometrics, 16s rRNA gene sequencing of fecal microbes, DQ as assessed by Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI), and MD determined by Profile of Mood States (POMS) were included. Alpha-diversity and DQ differences were explored between low (n = 37) and high MD (n = 38) groups. Spearman correlations were used to investigate relationships between alpha-diversity, DQ, and POMS subscales. Moderation analysis explored the effect of HEI score on the relationship between MD and alpha-diversity. Results Participants were mostly white (67%), 54.5 years old (±11.8), and overweight (28.5 ± 6.5 kg/m2). Shannon and Simpson indices indicate higher alpha-diversity in participants with low MD compared to high MD (p = 0.004 and p = 0.008, respectively). Simpson and Shannon indices were correlated with subscale of anger (rho = −0.303, p = 0.011; rho = −0.265, p = 0.027, respectively)and total MD (rho = −0.404, p = 0.001; rho = −0.357, p = 0.002, respectively). Refined grains were associated with fatigue and tension subscales (rho = 0.428, p < 0.001; rho = 0.302, p = 0.014, respectively). DQ did not significantly moderate the relationship between alpha-diversity and mood disturbance (F(7, 53) = 2.00, p = 0.072, R 2 = 0.209). Shannon index was a significant predictor of MD (b = −4.39, t(53) = −2.55, p = 0.014), but total HEI score and the interaction (Shannon index*HEI score) were not significant. Discussion Greater bacterial diversity was associated with lower MD, and DQ was associated with various mood state subscales in this sample of adults.