Abstract
Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook) is the most commonly grown afforestation species in subtropical China. It is essential that we understand the response of radial tree growth to climate factors, yet most experiments have been conducted based on total annual growth and not on monthly dynamics, which alone can detail the influence of climatic factors. In this study, we aimed to: (i) construct a monthly growth model and compare the growth rate of different social statuses of trees, and (ii) determine the response of radial increments of different social statuses to climate factors. The radial growth was monitored monthly during four years using manual band dendrometers (MBD). The data were fitted using the Gompertz function. Within-stand differences in the social status of Chinese firs resulted in growing period and growth rate length variations. The radial growth began in March, and suppressed trees—especially groups of AS1 and BS1 (suppressed trees of classes I in sites A and B)—stopped in September, whereas dominant and intermediate trees were delayed and stopped in November. The periodic monthly increment curve showed double peaks, and the maximum growth rate occurred in April and August. The peak values were affected by social status, which showed that dominant trees had the greatest radial growth rates. S-shaped Gompertz meant that monthly increment models were successfully fitted to our data, which explained more than 98% of the variation in increment data and passed the uncertainty test. Temperature and precipitation had a significant influence on radial growth, and the correlation between radial growth and air temperature was the highest. Our results also revealed that temperatures explain the double-peak features of Chinese fir. The limiting factors of radial growth changed with the seasons and were mainly affected by temperature and precipitation, which should be considered in predicting the response of tree growth to climate change.
Highlights
There is an expectation that many species will be affected by climate change in the 21st century [1].As the largest component of the terrestrial biosphere, the forest ecosystem plays a key role in the Forests 2019, 10, 757; doi:10.3390/f10090757 www.mdpi.com/journal/forestsForests 2019, 10, 757 soil–plant–atmosphere continuum [2]
There were some differences in the maximum growth rates in different diameter classes, and the peak values of radial growth rates of dominant trees were higher than that of suppressed trees
We found that the effect of air temperature on stem growth was generally higher than that of precipitation (Figures 5 and 7), confirming the assumption that the radial increment of Chinese fir is more sensitive to temperature
Summary
There is an expectation that many species will be affected by climate change in the 21st century [1].As the largest component of the terrestrial biosphere, the forest ecosystem plays a key role in the Forests 2019, 10, 757; doi:10.3390/f10090757 www.mdpi.com/journal/forestsForests 2019, 10, 757 soil–plant–atmosphere continuum [2]. Tree growth is related to the trees’ own biological characteristics, such as species and social status [3,4,5,6], and affected by topographic and climate factors [7,8,9,10,11]. It is necessary to investigate tree growth and its response to climate change for protecting forests and the ecosystem, which provides benefits to society [12,13]. The dynamic variation in tree diameter can change over periods of time ranging from hours to years, which provides an important basis for characterizing multiple aspects of tree performance and forest–microclimate interactions [6]
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