Abstract
Increasing use of solar energy as a clean and free solution for energy demand necessitates proper use of its equipment, enhanced spatial planning and distribution of solar collectors, optimum directional facing and tilt angle to ensure maximum solar radiation falling, and decreasing as possible as the shading effects of panel arrays. Most existing references lack comprehensive data about shading effects that varied along the year and design of solar array. In the present work, enhanced theoretical design data of solar collector arrays were tabulated for each month in Baghdad. MATLAB program was used to calculate the maximum clear sky solar radiation per unit area per day. The tabulated data yields an economically saved design of solar field or rooftop collector systems. The results indicated that, the shading effect on panel arrays almost vanishes when the distance between two panel rows to panel height ratio is greater than 1 in summer and greater than 2 in winter.
Highlights
Shading on solar collector panel arrays has a big role in decreasing absorbed solar energy
Optimum tilt angle of collectors in Kirkuk, Baghdad, and Nasiriya cities in Iraq calculated by Sultan, et al [1], using ASHRAE model, to evaluate the highest monthly average solar radiation per day for south facing collector associated to these angles, they reported in their study a measured radiation values on tilted surfaces
Radiation values per collector area (Ac) per day vs. collector tilt angle for different row spacing’s to panel height ratio (r) in every month in a year are shown in figures 3, 4, and 5
Summary
Shading on solar collector panel arrays has a big role in decreasing absorbed solar energy. Collectors facing sunrays continuously absorb maximum energy This condition can be achieved by using tracking systems but they are non-economical, so that, determining the optimum tilt angle with chooses the appropriate distance between panel arrays lead to reduce the shading losses and increase the rate of energy absorbed. These two factors (optimum tilt angle and distance between panel arrays) vary along the year; and must be adjusted for different intervals, i.e. monthly or seasonally. V. panel arrangements on flat roof, and concluded that 50% of energy can be increased by changing the cell connections and increase the number of panels, by reasonable tilt angle and distance between rows choice Quaschning and Hanitsch [4]
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