Montaigne and the lessons of ancient history

Abstract

ABSTRACTThe article examines the lessons which Montaigne sought from ancient history. In the late sixteenth century Tacitus, with his bleak lessons devoid of glory – perceived as particularly useful in the given circumstances – assumed the foremost position amongst the ancient historians. Montaigne, in contrast to the majority of his contemporaries, had different preferences. Montaigne’s reception of Tacitus is analysed; suggestion that he should be regarded a Tacitist is rejected. Rather, it is argued, in Montaigne we have the last great Renaissance thinker who is a true appreciator of the ‘classical’ antiquity (or the period before Actium): the Essais are pervaded with omnipresent Plutarch. A close analysis of the influence of Plutarch and his heroes follows. Despite his apparent personal preference for the vita contemplativa, Montaigne – just like Plutarch himself – holds in highest respect precisely the great political and military deeds. Even if one is incapable for such heroic action, or is prevented by the adverse times, the ancients – particularly Plutarch’s heroes – still provide a personal lesson. The Essais reaffirm the heroic and the individual, which characterizes ‘classical’ ancient history: in the period of Tacitean hegemony, Montaigne demonstrates how the great ancient examples can still serve as models for personal formation.