Abstract
One of the most economically important grapevine diseases is Downy mildew (DM) caused by the oomycete Plasmopara viticola. A strategy to reduce the use of fungicides to compensate for the high susceptibility of V. vinifera is the selection of grapevine varieties showing pathogen-specific resistance. We applied a metabolomics approach to evaluate the metabolic modulation in mono-locus resistant genotypes carrying one locus associated with P. viticola resistance (Rpv) (BC4- Rpv1, Bianca- Rpv3-1, F12P160- Rpv12, Solaris- Rpv10), as well as in pyramided resistant genotypes carrying more than one Rpv (F12P60- Rpv3-1; Rpv12 and F12P127- Rpv3-1, Rpv3-3; Rpv10) taking as a reference the susceptible genotype Pinot Noir. In order to understand if different sources of resistance are associated with different degrees of resistance and, implicitly, with different responses to the pathogen, we considered the most important classes of plant metabolite primary compounds, lipids, phenols and volatile organic compounds at 0, 12, 48, and 96 h post-artificial inoculation (hpi). We identified 264 modulated compounds; among these, 22 metabolites were found accumulated in significant quantities in the resistant cultivars compared to Pinot Noir. In mono-locus genotypes, the highest modulation of the metabolites was noticed at 48 and 96 hpi, except for Solaris, that showed a behavior similar to the pyramided genotypes in which the changes started to occur as early as 12 hpi. Bianca, Solaris and F12P60 showed the highest number of interesting compounds accumulated after the artificial infection and with a putative effect against the pathogen. In contrast, Pinot Noir showed a less effective defense response in containing DM growth.
Highlights
Grapevine was among the first fruit species to be domesticated and today represents one of the most important crops in the world, with an essential role in the economy of many countries
F12P127 was characterized by an high level of Hypersensitive Response (HR) response, whereas the HR response was absent in F12P60 (Supplementary Table 1)
This study describes different metabolic responses to the inoculation with Plasmopara viticola at various time points post-infection depending on the loci for resistance present in the genotypes
Summary
Grapevine was among the first fruit species to be domesticated and today represents one of the most important crops in the world, with an essential role in the economy of many countries. Viticulture is threatened by numerous pathogens causing severe harvest losses. One of the most destructive diseases affecting grapevine is Downy mildew (DM), caused by the biotrophic pathogen Plasmopara viticola. DM affects the members of the family Vitaceae and in particular the cultivated species Vitis vinifera and it can attack all green parts of the vine (leaves, fruits, and shoots in particular) (Buonassisi et al, 2018; Vezzulli et al, 2018). DM infection leads to significant crop losses due to defoliation and to the production of lowquality, deformed or entirely damaged grapes (Yildirim et al, 2019; Nogueira Júnior et al, 2020). The sporulation requires humidity > 93% and temperatures of 18–20◦C and it can be observed on the abaxial side of the leaf and the surface of tendrils, inflorescence, and young berries (Buonassisi et al, 2018)
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