Monogamy in the dik-dik

Abstract

Kirk's dik-dik ( Madoqua kirki) is one of several ungulates for which field studies have confirmed monogamous pair bonding. Kleiman has discussed two forms of monogamy, obligate and facultative, which differ in the strength and frequency of pair-bond behavior patterns. This paper examines the nature of the pair bond in Kirk's dik-dik with respect to these behavioral criteria. Pair formation and the pair-bond relationship was observed in 4 pairs of captive-born dik-dik at the National Zoological Park in Washington, DC, U.S.A. Quantitative data on pair-bond strength as measured by interaction rates, behavioral synchrony, and proximity were collected. These dik-dik exhibited features typical of a facultatively monogamous species. The pair bond was quickly established. Pair members typically interacted infrequently and the male assumed most of the responsibility for territorial maintenance. Males scent-marked significantly more often than females. Pair members maintained close proximity and exhibited a moderate degree of behavioral synchrony. The results are discussed with reference to studies of two other monogamous antelopes, klipspringer ( Oreotragus oreotragus) and blue duiker ( Cephalophus monticola).