Monofloral honey authentication by voltammetric electronic tongue: A comparison with 1H NMR spectroscopy

Abstract

Proton-nuclear-magnetic-resonance-spectroscopy (1H NMR) is the widely accepted reference method for monitoring honey adulteration; however, the need to find cheaper, faster, and more environmentally friendly methodologies makes the voltammetric-electronic-tongue (VET) a good alternative. The present study aims to demonstrate the ability of VET (in comparison with 1H NMR) to predict the adulteration of honey with syrups. Samples of monofloral honeys (citrus, sunflower and heather, assessed by pollen analysis) simulating different levels of adulteration by adding syrups (barley, rice and corn) from 2.5 to 40% (w/w) were analyzed using both techniques. According to the indicators (slope, intercept, regression coefficient-R2, root mean square error of prediction-RMSEP) of the partial-least-squares (PLS) regression models, in general terms, the performance of these models obtained by both techniques was good, with an average error lower than 5% in both cases. These results support the use of VET as a screening technique to easily detect honey adulteration with syrups.