Monocular Vision Leads to a Dissociation between Grip Force and Grip Aperture Scaling during Reach-to-Grasp Movements

Abstract

It has been argued that visual perception and the visual control of action depend upon functionally distinct and anatomically separable brain systems [1–3]. Electrophysiological [4] evidence indicates that binocular vision may be particularly important for the visuomotor processing within the posterior parietal cortex, and neuropsychological [5, 6] and psychophysical [7–11] studies confirm that binocular vision is crucial for the accurate planning and control of prehension movements. An unresolved issue concerns the consequences for visuomotor processing of removing binocular vision. By one account, monocular viewing leads to reliance upon pictorial visual cues to calibrate grasping [6] and results in disruption to normal size-constancy mechanisms [6, 7]. This proposal is based on the finding that maximum grip apertures are reduced with monocular vision. By a second account, monocular viewing results in the loss of binocular visual cues and leads to strategic changes in visuomotor processing by way of altered safety margins [9–11]. This proposal is based on the finding that maximum grip apertures are increased with monocular vision. We measured both grip aperture and grip force during prehension movements executed with binocular and monocular viewing. We demonstrate that each of the above accounts may be correct and can be observed within the same task. Specifically, we show that, while grip apertures increase with monocular vision, consistent with altered visuomotor safety margins, maximum grip force is nevertheless reduced, consistent with a misperception of object size. These results are related to differences in visual processing required for calibrating grip aperture and grip force during reaching.