Abstract
The symbiosis between cnidarian hosts and photosynthetic dinoflagellates of the family Symbiodiniaceae (i.e., zooxanthellae) provides the energy foundation of coral reef ecosystems in oligotrophic waters. The structure of symbiont biota and the dominant species of algal symbiont partly shape the environmental adaptability of coral symbiotes. In this study, the algal symbiont cells were isolated from the tentacles of Galaxea fascicularis, a hermatypic coral with obvious differentiation in heat resistance, and were cultured in vitro with an improved L1 medium. An algal monoclonal cell line was established using separated algal culture drops and soft agar plating method, and named by GF19C1 as it was identified as Cladocopium sp. C1 (Symbiodiniaceae) based on its ITS1, ITS2, and the non-coding region of the plastid psbA minicircle (psbAncr) sequences. Most GF19C1 cells were at the coccoid stage of the gymnodinioid, their markedly thickened (ca. two times) cell wall suggests that they developed into vegetative cysts and have sexual and asexual reproductive potential. The average diameter of GF19C1 cells decreased significantly, probably due to the increasing mitotic rate. The chloroplasts volume density of GF19C1 was significantly lower than that of their symbiotic congeners, while the surface area density of thylakoids relative to volumes of chloroplasts was not significantly changed. The volume fraction of vacuoles increased by nearly fivefold, but there was no significant change in mitochondria and accumulation bodies. Light-temperature orthogonal experiments showed that, GF19C1 growth preferred the temperature 25 ± 1°C (at which it is maintained post-isolation) rather than 28 ± 1°C under the light intensity of 42 ± 2 or 62 ± 2 μmol photons m–2 s–1, indicating an inertia for temperature adaptation. The optimum salinity for GF19C1 growth ranged between 28–32 ppt. The monoclonal culture techniques established in this study were critical to clarify the physiological and ecological characteristics of various algal symbiont species, and will be instrumental to further reveal the roles of algal symbionts in the adaptive differentiation of coral-zooxanthellae holobionts in future studies.
Highlights
The establishment of specialized intracellular symbiotic relationship between reef-building corals and photosynthetic dinoflagellates (Symbiodiniaceae, known as zooxanthellae) is the primary energy source for reef ecosystems to flourish in oligotrophic tropical shallow waters
Preliminary experiments showed they are sensitive to the increase of temperature and light intensity and the growth rate is low during 8 months after isolation
The symbiosis between algal symbionts and reef-building corals were thought to emerge in the mid-Triassic period (Stanley, 1981)
Summary
The establishment of specialized intracellular symbiotic relationship between reef-building corals and photosynthetic dinoflagellates (Symbiodiniaceae, known as zooxanthellae) is the primary energy source for reef ecosystems to flourish in oligotrophic tropical shallow waters. Analyzing the adaptation and resilience of reef-building coral holobionts has become the focus of coral reef protection and resilience This is bound to start with the two symbiotic parties, respectively, to clarify the physiological and ecological characteristics and environmental adaptation potentials of reef-building corals (Shinzato et al, 2011; Ying et al, 2018) and symbiotic algae (Lin et al, 2015; Aranda et al, 2016). Bring it to the level of holobiont as a unique biological entity of evolutionary selection for integrated research (Rosenberg, 2013)
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