Monoclonal Antibody D2-40, a New Marker of Lymphatic Endothelium, Reacts with Kaposi's Sarcoma and a Subset of Angiosarcomas

Abstract

There is controversy over the histogenesis of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) from lymphatic or blood vessel endothelium. D2-40 is a novel monoclonal antibody to an Mr 40,000 O-linked sialoglycoprotein that reacts with a fixation-resistant epitope on lymphatic endothelium. We sought to establish the selectivity of D2-40 for lymphatic endothelium in normal tissues and compare its reactivity with the expression of the widely used vascular endothelial marker CD31 in a series of 62 formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded vascular lesions including KS. In normal tissues, D2-40 stained the endothelium of lymphatic channels but not of blood vessels, including arteries and capillaries defined by reactivity with the blood vessel endothelial marker PAL-E. In our series of vascular lesions, D2-40 stained lymphangiomas (10/10), benign tumors of undisputed lymphatic origin, but not benign neoplasms or tumorlike lesions of blood vessel origin, including hemangiomas (0/10), glomus tumors (0/3), angiolipomas (0/2), pyogenic granulomas (0/2), vascular malformations (0/2), hemangiopericytoma (0/1), or hemangioendothelioma (0/1). D2-40 stained all cases of cutaneous KS (24/24) at all stages of progression, including patch, plaque, and nodular stages, supporting the concept that this disease originates from a cell type capable of undergoing lymphatic differentiation. D2-40 also stained three of seven angiosarcomas, indicating that a subset of these tumors can undergo at least partial differentiation along the lymphatic endothelial lineage and could be classified as lymphangiosarcomas. In comparison, CD31 was expressed in all benign and malignant vascular lesions, except for glomus tumors (0/3) and 5/10 lymphangiomas, in which staining was absent. We conclude that D2-40 is a new selective marker of lymphatic endothelium in normal tissues and vascular lesions and is valuable for studying benign and malignant vascular disorders in routinely processed tissue specimens.