Abstract
Monochloramine is a well-known disinfectant for drinking water with several advantages over chlorine and chlorine dioxide. With these two biocides, monochloramine is included in the US-EPA list of disinfectants for drinking water. At the beginning of XXI century, epidemiological studies demonstrated its superior ability to control Legionella in hot water health-care premises. In 2005 a research program started to set up a reliable and effective method to produce monochloramine directly in domestic hot water systems, at the safest concentration and without accumulation of by-products. Results of these researches, which has been carried out with the collaboration of Italian and American Institutions showed that monochloramine can be safely and reliably prepared and that it is the best approach to Legionella remediation in health-care facilities.
Highlights
Legionella is an organism of public health interest for its ubiquitous presence in water distribution systems (WDS) and for its ability to cause infection in susceptible humans
The recent literature reports the evidence of Legionella entering a viable but not culturable (VBNC) state [21] [23] when monochloramination is applied as the continuous disinfection method
2 ppm monochloramine can kill most of the Legionella bacteria this is the preferred concentration for drinking and hot water disinfection
Summary
Legionella is an organism of public health interest for its ubiquitous presence in water distribution systems (WDS) and for its ability to cause infection in susceptible humans. This is an important feature showing that free chlorine loses its biocide activity as the pH increases while it keeps its oxidizing power. This is the first demonstration of the superior ability of the monochloramine to penetrate biofilms
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