Mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate modulates lipid accumulation and reproductive signaling in Daphnia magna.

Abstract

Mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) is a primary metabolite of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), which is widely used in industry as a plasticizer. Both DEHP and MEHP have been identified as endocrine disruptors affecting reproduction systems in natural aquatic environments. However, the effects of MEHP exposure on aquatic invertebrates such as Daphnia magna are still poorly understood. In the present study, lipid alterations caused by MEHP in D. magna were identified by analyzing lipid accumulation and nontarget metabolomics. In addition, reproductive endpoints were investigated. MEHP exposure under any conditions upto 2mg/L was not associated with mortality of D. magna; yet, the number of lipid droplets and the adult female daphnids reproduction rates increased after 96h of exposure and 21days of exposure, respectively. MEHP also enhanced lipid metabolism, as evident from 283 potential lipid metabolites, including glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids, and sphingolipids, identified following 48h of exposure. The MEHP-treated group exhibited significantly higher ecdysone receptor (EcR) and vitellogenin 2 (Vtg2) expression levels at 6 and 24h. At 48h, EcR and Vtg2 expression levels were downregulated in the 1 and 2mg/L MEHP exposure groups. Our data reveal that the EcR pathway changes over MEHP exposure could be associated with lipid accumulation, owing to increased lipid levels and the subsequent increase in the reproduction of MEHP-exposed D. magna.