Monkeypox: A Re-emerging Viral Zoonotic Infection

Abstract

Context: Monkeypox virus (MPXV) infection is a zoonotic disease, endemic in sub-Saharan Africa, but recently has re-emerged outside Africa and caused some concerns. Evidence Acquisition: The current study aimed to briefly present a narrative mini-review on different features of MPXV. Data were gathered from Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and PubMed databases and also WHO and CDC websites, using ''Monkeypox'', ''Variola'', ''Bioterrorism'', and ''Bioweapon'' keywords. Results: Monkeypox virus is categorized into two genetic clades with different outcomes. The incubation period of infection is 5 - 21 days, and infection by Central African clade may lead to a clinical representation similar to smallpox with about 10% mortality rate. Monkeypox virus can infect a wide range of mammals, and its natural reservoir is almost unknown. It is endemic in sub-Saharan Africa and is rarely seen outside Africa. Its most reliable detection is based on nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs). Treatment is mainly supportive, and some selective drugs are developed for severe cases. Avoiding close contact with wild animals and infected patients is the first line of prevention. Prior vaccination with smallpox or MPX vaccines is also protective. Due to similar symptoms of human monkeypox and smallpox, it may be a candidate for bioterrorism. However, there is no evidence of recent intentional spread of MPXV. Conclusions: This study has tried to provide a summary of MPXV infection. Despite recent concerns, there is still a very low risk of the MPXV pandemic. However, it is recommended to be alert for such infection and provide essential readiness against it.