Abstract
Total suspended sediment (TSS) is a water quality parameter that is used to understand sediment transport, aquatic ecosystem health, and engineering problems. The majority of TSS in water bodies is due to natural and human factors such as brought by river runoff, coastal erosion, dredging activities, and waves. It is an important parameter that should be monitored periodically, particularly over the dynamic coastal region. This study aims to monitor spatiotemporal TSS concentration over Teluk Lipat, Malaysia. To date, there are two commonly used methods to monitor TSS concentration over wide water regions. Firstly, field sampling is known very expensive and time-consuming method. Secondly, the remote sensing technology that can monitor spatiotemporal TSS concentration freely. Although remote sensing technology could overcome these problems, universal empirical or semiempirical algorithms are still not available. Most of the developed algorithms are on a regional basis. To measure TSS concentration over the different regions, a new regional algorithm needs to develop. To do so, two field trip was conducted in the study area concurrent with the passing of Landsat 8. A total of 30 field samples were collected from 30 sampling points during the first field trip and 30 samples from 30 samplings from the second field trip. The samples were then analyzed using an established method to develop the TSS algorithm. The data obtained from the first field trip were then used to develop a regional TSS algorithm using the regression analysis technique. The developed algorithm was then validated by using data obtained from the second field trip. The results demonstrated that TSS in the study area is highly correlated with three Landsat 8 bands, namely green, near-infrared (NIR), and short-wavelength (SWIR) bands, with R2 = 0.79. The TSS map is constructed using the algorithm. Analyses of the image suggest that the highest TSSs are mainly observed along the coastal line and over the river mouth. It suggested that the main contributing factors over the study area are river runoff and wave splash.
Highlights
Total suspended sediment (TSS) is a water quality parameter that can be used to understand sediment transport, aquatic ecosystem health and engineering problems [1].The changes in suspended sediment concentrations in the time and space domains are generally related to human and natural factors
The regression statistics model between laboratory-derived in situ value and model-fitted TSS concentration value of the validation points revealed a strong correlation with R2 = 0.8406, root means square error (RMSE) of 1.50 mg/L, and mean relative error (MRE) = 9.14%
Analyses of the map suggested that most of the suspended sediment was distributed along the coastal line and over the river mouth
Summary
The changes in suspended sediment concentrations in the time and space domains are generally related to human and natural factors. Natural factors include rainfall rates, rising temperatures, winds, high waves, and all activities related to climate change. An excessively high total suspended sediments concentration will inhibit the penetration of light into water and disrupt photosynthesis [2], reduce the underwater vertical transmittance and phytoplankton productivity [2], affect the water columns and benthic processes [3], affect the nutrient dynamics [4] and pollutant movement [5,6]. An update of the total suspended sediments data is necessary to evaluate operational policies and provide technical guidance to the public, government, and private sectors in the utilization of coastal regions regarding environmental changes. Thorough studies should be done in any location directly exposed to the natural and human-induced suspended sediment
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