Abstract
The behaviour of 12 pesticides used in the treatment of a variety of apples in areal conditions from a Romanian orchard is studied, considering recommended dosages, different stages of fruit development, environmental and atmospheric conditions. Five treatments were applied in recommended dosage considering the phenological growth phases, at 23 days intervals between treatments. Pesticides degraded quickly in apples during the first days, when 30–50% from the initial concentration is lost. Pesticides residues at harvesting were below the Maximum Residue Level (MRL) in European Union, excepting tebuconazole and chlorothalonil. The estimated lifetime exposure dose was calculated based on pesticide concentrations in apples at harvesting, and average fruit consumption of 197.08 g/ person/day in EU-27 during 2011. These doses for adults and children were below the reference dose (RfD) for each pesticide, suggesting a negligible risks for consumers. Hazard indices below 1 demonstrate that the studied pesticides do not generate health risks to humans.
Highlights
IntroductionAseb3Lris0eot–vrue5asl0ct%e(.MnvTfRrirroLionm)nitimnrtoheEetnoutilarnuolietppnieaoeallnlc(uToUtnNioncTneion.)nt,2r,8aaet-xidcocaoneympitlsmianblogoonsrttlea.ybtPouuercssyoteindcpaiodzetoexslepexrlpoaensesiirddvimuecehefslonoartrtowmthhaaisalrilvtcoaeansrrityrli.nieaTgdnhwdoeeueirtnsetdaibmpuepsaltoltryewiidanltglhiafbeepitpMoimlaiacuexagietmmixopuenonmsst,uaRctrieaeosnndidocuusaseeuinsge labwoarsactaolrcyulasteeledcbteadsedbaocntepreiastlicsitdreaicnosncaesntirnaoticounlsuimn,apbpiolesstiamt uhlaartvioesntinwgi,tahndmaovlearsasgees farunidt ccoanbsbuamgpetiloenafofe1x9tr7a.0c8t, ga/ nd phpyetrosroenm/deadyiaitnioEnUu-s2i7ngdurryiengan2d01b1l.uTehfeesneudgoreseeskftoor satduudlytstahnedecffheicldt roefntwheesree tbreelaotwmtehnetsreofnereTnNceTdroesmeo(vRafDl a)nfdorcehaacnhges inpessotiilcidmei,csruogbgiaeslticnogmamnuegnliitgyiblreesrpisokns sfiobrlecofnosrumcoernst.aHmaiznaarndtinddeigcreasdbaetlioown. Cdehmemonicstarlataentahlaytstehse rsetuvdeaieleddpessitginciidfiecsant dedcorenaosetsgeineTraNteThceoanltchernitsrkastitonhsu, minacnlus.ding reduction of some of the TNT to its amino derivates during the 28-day tesKtes.ywTohredsc:odmegbriandaattioionn,opfesbtiiociaduegs,mMenaxtaimtiounm-bRioessitdimueuLlaetvioeln, pahpepnrooloagchicaclopuhpalseeds, whuitmhanryheeacluthltirviasktioanssehssamd etnhte. most profound effect on TNT degradation
Pesticides which contain active substances such as, chlorpyrifos-methyl, deltamethrin and alpha-cypermethrin have a higher potential of volatilization than other pesticides studied, they have a higher volatilization tendency
The products based on pyrethrum, such as, deltamethrin, chlorpyrifos-methyl, alpha-cypermethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, upon harvesting, have a content of residuals a lot smaller than the Maximum Residue Level (MRL)
Summary
Aseb3Lris0eot–vrue5asl0ct%e(.MnvTfRrirroLionm)nitimnrtoheEetnoutilarnuolietppnieaoeallnlc(uToUtnNioncTneion.)nt,2r,8aaet-xidcocaoneympitlsmianblogoonsrttlea.ybtPouuercssyoteindcpaiodzetoexslepexrlpoaensesiirddvimuecehefslonoartrtowmthhaaisalrilvtcoaeansrrityrli.nieaTgdnhwdoeeueirtnsetdaibmpuepsaltoltryewiidanltglhiafbeepitpMoimlaiacuexagietmmixopuenonmsst,uaRctrieaeosnndidocuusaseeuinsge labwoarsactaolrcyulasteeledcbteadsedbaocntepreiastlicsitdreaicnosncaesntirnaoticounlsuimn,apbpiolesstiamt uhlaartvioesntinwgi,tahndmaovlearsasgees farunidt ccoanbsbuamgpetiloenafofe1x9tr7a.0c8t, ga/ nd phpyetrosroenm/deadyiaitnioEnUu-s2i7ngdurryiengan2d01b1l.uTehfeesneudgoreseeskftoor satduudlytstahnedecffheicldt roefntwheesree tbreelaotwmtehnetsreofnereTnNceTdroesmeo(vRafDl a)nfdorcehaacnhges inpessotiilcidmei,csruogbgiaeslticnogmamnuegnliitgyiblreesrpisokns sfiobrlecofnosrumcoernst.aHmaiznaarndtinddeigcreasdbaetlioown. Cdehmemonicstarlataentahlaytstehse rsetuvdeaieleddpessitginciidfiecsant dedcorenaosetsgeineTraNteThceoanltchernitsrkastitonhsu, minacnlus.ding reduction of some of the TNT to its amino derivates during the 28-day tesKtes.ywTohredsc:odmegbriandaattioionn,opfesbtiiociaduegs,mMenaxtaimtiounm-bRioessitdimueuLlaetvioeln, pahpepnrooloagchicaclopuhpalseeds, whuitmhanryheeacluthltirviasktioanssehssamd etnhte. most profound effect on TNT degradation. Aseb3Lris0eot–vrue5asl0ct%e(.MnvTfRrirroLionm)nitimnrtoheEetnoutilarnuolietppnieaoeallnlc(uToUtnNioncTneion.)nt,2r,8aaet-xidcocaoneympitlsmianblogoonsrttlea.ybtPouuercssyoteindcpaiodzetoexslepexrlpoaensesiirddvimuecehefslonoartrtowmthhaaisalrilvtcoaeansrrityrli.nieaTgdnhwdoeeueirtnsetdaibmpuepsaltoltryewiidanltglhiafbeepitpMoimlaiacuexagietmmixopuenonmsst,uaRctrieaeosnndidocuusaseeuinsge labwoarsactaolrcyulasteeledcbteadsedbaocntepreiastlicsitdreaicnosncaesntirnaoticounlsuimn,apbpiolesstiamt uhlaartvioesntinwgi,tahndmaovlearsasgees farunidt ccoanbsbuamgpetiloenafofe1x9tr7a.0c8t, ga/ nd phpyetrosroenm/deadyiaitnioEnUu-s2i7ngdurryiengan2d01b1l.uTehfeesneudgoreseeskftoor satduudlytstahnedecffheicldt roefntwheesree tbreelaotwmtehnetsreofnereTnNceTdroesmeo(vRafDl a)nfdorcehaacnhges inpessotiilcidmei,csruogbgiaeslticnogmamnuegnliitgyiblreesrpisokns sfiobrlecofnosrumcoernst.aHmaiznaarndtinddeigcreasdbaetlioown.. Cdehmemonicstarlataentahlaytstehse rsetuvdeaieleddpessitginciidfiecsant dedcorenaosetsgeineTraNteThceoanltchernitsrkastitonhsu, minacnlus.ding reduction of some of the TNT to its amino derivates during the 28-day tesKtes.ywTohredsc:odmegbriandaattioionn,opfesbtiiociaduegs,mMenaxtaimtiounm-bRioessitdimueuLlaetvioeln, pahpepnrooloagchicaclopuhpalseeds, whuitmhanryheeacluthltirviasktioanssehssamd etnhte. Plants enhanced the total microbial community abundance, blue fenugreek cultivation did not significantly affect the TNT degradation rate. The results from molecular analyses suggested the survival and elevation of the introduced bacterial strains throughout the experiment. ParenessditditcuhRBuMiaedsaeliaefsrpnentsgeirkanseaegbtnrvestieciomhcefusreseto,tsnifoemmVotd.otu2;ahdo1lJgaiu(nstr3phii)opraca:onaunl1dp,als5teuropu3grcnhrÁety,as1shtlsJ.6o.coc;2Trauu.eMhlllmehdteuuttetltrobdepeeevi:rsca/,e,/omtdOlibnoxoau.tn.dfrtd2oet0aothlh1nia.ete3doshsy.reebfgMcoi/rdao1leilnia0cossru.iwel3odega8sbuams:4iveea6Neessl/n1oct6oalv4tmia8ok6mortanha8,ntu,hse9dHnkJ7epoie..prt;2uuye0eerrTstnx1cptrha2psuoal.aousli7.nnoes,2fgu21oJaer0E.7pf;se08npoLi49vrnlbioe)irmt.sTuoaIantciNnennmasTcine,ner,nessghBptuaaasi.scvk;laihenefETedgaarnrudsgsteuovihasn,ieuielerrMlebstproesiie.orn;tesrgotdfCefimarecfeiincipgenddtudhskeri,tLiannidwtaniigoenoicktdsnlwhasus,cgatddaretGiiiepsnas.reel;gwa(tJsihutehesiIsnrtirgoodrouuctsiloynregulated and monitored due to the potential a2c0c1u1m).ulBaaticotneroiaf lmaragye admegoruandtes oTfNreTsiduunadlesrinaeprroobdiuccotsr risks that the pesticides can cause to the people’s health Of in situ treatment (i.e. soil Tihse euxncdaevrastteadn,dinhgomofotgheenipseesdticaidneds dseugprapdleamtioenntiend rweliathtionnuwtriitehntost)h(eBr afaldcrtoiarns a2n0d08th).eTdhetiserlmiminitastiaopnpolifcpabesil-tiitcyidoef rbeisoidreumeseidsiavteiroynimofpTorNtaTntbnyoftuonngliyinfosrittuheatcaorfrieecldt asscsaelses.ment of the food risks, and for the optimization. Pogăcean et al Monitoring pesticides degradation in apple fruits and potential effects of residues
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