Abstract
Near surface gas measurements are presented from a shallow (20m depth) CO2 injection experiment at the CO2 Field Lab site in Svelvik, Norway, which was designed to test a variety of monitoring tools. Small areas of surface seepage of CO2 were detected during the experiment and these spread as the injection rate was increased. These features only accounted for a small fraction of the injected gas. Isotopic measurements revealed traces of injected CO2 at 50cm depth nearer the injection point. The spatial extent of this is unknown but it is not likely to imply a significant amount of CO2 seepage. The locations of the gas escape were not as anticipated by prior modelling and highlight the difficulty of predicting where leakage may occur and, hence, where to deploy monitoring equipment. This unpredictability and the limited size of the seeps implies that monitoring will have to be flexible, preferably mobile and capable of detecting small features in large areas if successful leakage detection at surface is to be achieved. Low level seepage, such as that suggested isotopically here, could be significant for carbon auditing if it occurs over wide areas. This could be tested in areas of natural CO2 seepage.
Highlights
Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is considered to be an important part of the lowest cost solution for achieving greenhouse gas emissions reduction targets (International Energy Agency, 2009)
Near surface gas measurements are presented from a shallow (20 m depth) CO2 injection experiment at the CO2 Field Lab site in Svelvik, Norway, which was designed to test a variety of monitoring tools
This paper presents the results of near surface gas monitoring associated with the shallow injection experiment carried out by the British Geological Survey (BGS) and the Bureau de Recherche Géologique et Minière (BRGM) with collaboration on continuous soil gas monitoring from the University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’
Summary
Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is considered to be an important part of the lowest cost solution for achieving greenhouse gas emissions reduction targets (International Energy Agency, 2009). Whilst a carefully selected and well managed geological CO2 storage site is not expected to leak, the possibility needs to be considered, and leakage detection monitoring is required by legislation, such as the EU Directive on Geological Storage of CO2 (European Union, 2009b). The amendment to the European Emissions Trading Scheme (European Union, 2009a) requires that it is quantified. D.G. Jones et al / International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 28 (2014) 300–317 CO2 rate, kg h-1 Injected. Coarse sand free of pebbles was recovered below m, just above the injection depth of m
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