Abstract
Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) interferometry is a technique that provides high-resolution measurements of the ground displacement associated with various geophysical processes. To investigate the land-surface deformation in Karamay, a typical oil-producing city in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China, Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) Phased Array L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) data were acquired for the period from 2007 to 2009, and a two-pass differential SAR interferometry (D-InSAR) process was applied. The experimental results showed that two sites in the north-eastern part of the city exhibit a clear indication of land deformation. For a further evaluation of the D-InSAR result, the Persistent Scatterer (PS) and Small Baseline Subset (SBAS)-InSAR techniques were applied for 21 time series Environmental Satellite (ENVISAT) C-band Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR) data from 2003 to 2010. The comparison between the D-InSAR and SBAS-InSAR measurements had better agreement than that from the PS-InSAR measurement. The maximum deformation rate attributed to subsurface water injection for the period from 2003 to 2010 was up to approximately 33 mm/year in the line of sight (LOS) direction. The interferometric phase change from November 2007 to June 2010 showed a clear deformation pattern, and the rebound center has been expanding in scale and increasing in quantity.
Highlights
Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) is a proven remote sensing technique that uses the phase information of SAR images to measure ground surface movements
Subset (SBAS)—use of all available SAR images with small baselines to achieve a high degree of spatial coverage of distributed scatters [6]; Persistent Scatterer Pairs (PSP)—works with pairs of points to identify and analyze persistent scatterer [7]; Quasi Persistent Scatterers (QPS)—utilizes partially coherent targets to increase the spatial density of the observations [8]; Stable Points Network (SPN), which has three key features and less sensitive to geometric decorrelation [9]; SqueeSARTM—a second generation of
PS-InSARTM which combines both the persistent and distributed scatterers [10]; Stanford Method for Persistent Scatterers (StaMPS)—similar to PS-InSAR, but the PS points are defined as the scatters with stable phase characters [11]; Temporarily Coherent Point InSAR (TCPInSAR)—detecting the ground deformation rate and solving the phase ambiguities without phase unwrapping [12]; and Intermittent Small Baseline Subset (SBAS) (ISBAS)—an extension of SBAS-InSAR that use the pixels which are intermittently coherent in addition to those consistently stable over time [13], etc
Summary
Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) is a proven remote sensing technique that uses the phase information of SAR images to measure ground surface movements. PS-InSARTM which combines both the persistent and distributed scatterers [10]; Stanford Method for Persistent Scatterers (StaMPS)—similar to PS-InSAR, but the PS points are defined as the scatters with stable phase characters [11]; Temporarily Coherent Point InSAR (TCPInSAR)—detecting the ground deformation rate and solving the phase ambiguities without phase unwrapping [12]; and Intermittent SBAS (ISBAS)—an extension of SBAS-InSAR that use the pixels which are intermittently coherent in addition to those consistently stable over time [13], etc. Several studies pertaining to gas/oil extraction-induced and CO2 /water injection-induced surface deformation have been carried out [24,25,26,27,28]
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