Abstract
Background Indoor residual spraying (IRS) and long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) are malaria vector control measures used in India, but the development of insecticide resistance poses major impediments for effective vector control strategies. As per the guidelines of the National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP), the study was conducted in 12 districts of Madhya Pradesh to generate data on insecticide resistance in malaria vectors. Methods The susceptibility tests were conducted on adult An. culicifacies as per the WHO standard technique with wild-caught mosquitoes. The blood-fed female mosquitoes were exposed in 3 to 4 replicates on each occasion to the impregnated papers with specified discriminating dosages of the insecticides (DDT: 4%, malathion: 5%, deltamethrin: 0.05%, and alphacypermethrin: 0.05%), for one hour, and mortality was recorded after 24-hour holding. Results An. culicifacies was found resistant to DDT 4% in all the 12 districts and malathion in 11 districts. The resistance to alphacypermethrin was also observed in two districts, and possible resistance was found to alphacypermethrin in seven districts and to deltamethrin in eight districts, while the vector was found susceptible to both deltamethrin and alphacypermethrin in only 3 districts. Conclusion An. culicifacies is resistant to DDT and malathion and has emerging resistance to pyrethroids, alphacypermethrin, and deltamethrin. Therefore, regular monitoring of insecticide susceptibility in malaria vectors is needed for implementing effective vector management strategies. However, studies to verify the impact of IRS with good coverage on the transmission of disease are required before deciding on the change of insecticide in conjunction with epidemiological data.
Highlights
Malaria is a major public health problem in India, contributing to about 89% of incidence from South East Asia [1].Five Indian states are responsible for transmission of more than 70% of malaria in the country of which MadhyaPradesh is the fifth highly malarious state which contributes about 5% of total malaria cases [2]
Resistance to alphacypermethrin was observed in Dhar and Alirajpur districts where % mortality was 84.2 and 87.6, respectively, and tests were repeated after 6 months, and the mortality was 82.9 and 85.7% indicating no variation in mortality (Table 3)
An. culicifacies was reported susceptible to pyrethroids, viz., alphacypermethrin and deltamethrin in 3 districts, i.e., Anuppur, Panna, and Tikamgarh (98.1 to 100.0% mortality), while in Datia it was susceptible to deltamethrin
Summary
Malaria is a major public health problem in India, contributing to about 89% of incidence from South East Asia [1].Five Indian states are responsible for transmission of more than 70% of malaria in the country of which MadhyaPradesh is the fifth highly malarious state which contributes about 5% of total malaria cases [2]. Insecticide-based vector control interventions currently in use in India include indoor residual spraying (IRS) and long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) [4]. One of the major impediments for effective vector control is the development of resistance in vectors to the insecticides which are used in public health sprays. Indoor residual spraying (IRS) and long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) are malaria vector control measures used in. But the development of insecticide resistance poses major impediments for effective vector control strategies. As per the guidelines of the National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP), the study was conducted in 12 districts of Madhya Pradesh to generate data on insecticide resistance in malaria vectors. An. culicifacies is resistant to DDT and malathion and has emerging resistance to pyrethroids, alphacypermethrin, and deltamethrin. Studies to verify the impact of IRS with good coverage on the transmission of disease are required before deciding on the change of insecticide in conjunction with epidemiological data
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