Abstract
In this article, we propose a new procedure to monitor critical infrastructures. The proposed approach is applied to COSMO-SkyMed data, with the aim to monitor the destabilization of the Mosul dam. Such a dam represents the largest hydraulic facility of Iraq and is located on the Tigris river. The destructive potential of the wave that would be generated, in the event of the dam destruction, could have serious consequences. If the concern for human lives comes first, the concern for cultural heritage protection is not negligible, since several archaeological sites are located around the Mosul dam. The proposed procedure is an in-depth modal assessment based on the micromotion estimation, through a Doppler subapertures tracking and a multichromatic analysis. The method is based initially on the persistent scatterers interferometry that is also discussed for completeness and validation. The modal analysis has detected the presence of several areas of resonance that could mean the presence of cracks, and the results have shown that the dam is still in a strong destabilization. Moreover, the dam appears to be divided into two parts: the northern part is accelerating rapidly while the southern part is decelerating and a main crack in this north-south junction is found. The estimated velocities through the PS-InSAR technique show a good agreement with the GNSS in situ measurements, resulting in a very high correlation coefficient and showing how the proposed procedure works efficiently.
Highlights
T HE Mosul dam is located on the Tigris river and represents the largest hydraulic infrastructure in Iraq
The terms ρ1 and ρ2 represent the line of sight (LOS) target-sensor distances from S1 and S2, where S2 is supposed to be at a distance ρ1 + δρ1 from the target at time instant T1
For high signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) values the main reflecting power contribution is clearly distinguishable with respect to the noise floor
Summary
With the rise of the self proclaimed Islamic State (IS), the dam has been under the control of IS in August 2014, for a short period of time. Based upon the Persistent Scatterers Interferometry (PSI) [4]–[7], the first satellite multi-sensor approach, to detect long time deformation displacement trends of the Mosul dam, is presented in [8], [9]. The authors found rapid deformations during 2004-2010, which slowed in 2012-2014 and again accelerated since August 2014, when grouting operations stopped. The importance in using multiple sensors and different satellite systems was remarked in [10]. With a focus on single systems, multiple satellite measurements can provide greater spatial coverage and temporal sampling, thereby enabling a better control on the interferometric decor-
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