Abstract
Baseline port monitoring for fouling communities is an essential tool to assess non-indigenous species (NIS) introduction and spread, but a standardized and coordinated method among Mediterranean and European countries has not yet been adopted. In this context, it is important to test monitoring protocols that allow for the collection of standardized and directly comparable data, replicated across time and space. Here, for the first time in the Mediterranean Sea, we tested a standardized protocol developed by the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center (SERC) and used now in several countries. The 3-year monitoring survey (2018–2020) was conducted in the Gulf of La Spezia (Ligurian Sea, Italy), with the deployment of a total of 50 PVC panels per year in five different sites (a commercial harbor, three marinas and a site in the proximity of a shellfish farm). A total of 79 taxa were identified, including 11 NIS, ranging from zero to seven NIS for each panel. In comparison with previous surveys, new NIS arrivals were observed in the Gulf of La Spezia: Botrylloides cf. niger, Branchiomma sp., Branchiomma luctuosum, Paraleucilla magna, and Watersipora arcuata. At the end of the 3-year monitoring, mean richness? and percent cover of NIS were measured, and both measures differed across the monitoring sites, with higher values in two marinas and in the commercial harbor. Among years, richness of NIS was relatively stable at each monitoring site. The structure of the fouling was influenced more by native and cryptogenic species than by NIS. Moreover, among the monitoring sites, the density of artificial structures was not a reliable predictor or proxy for local NIS abundance. This first application of the SERC method in the Mediterranean Sea, demonstrates both pros and cons, including the detection of new NIS reported here. Further direct comparisons with other NIS monitoring tools are recommended, and additional tests to assess its effectiveness in this biogeographical area are encouraged. A broader application of this and other standard methods across temporal and spatial scales in the Mediterranean basin should be implemented, providing critical data needed to assess changes in the structure of fouling communities.
Highlights
The introduction of non-indigenous species (NIS) in marine environments is considered one of the most important factors contributing to global change (Ruiz et al, 1997; OcchipintiAmbrogi, 2007; Galil et al, 2018a), including both ecological and economic impacts (Occhipinti-Ambrogi, 2007; Katsanevakis et al, 2014a; Ojaveer et al, 2015)
This species has been firstly assigned to Branchiomma boholense (Grube, 1878), but an accurate analysis of the specimens revealed divergent taxonomic characters, that cannot be attributed to the other Branchiomma spp. known to occur in the Mediterranean Sea, including the nonindigenous Branchiomma bairdi (McIntosh, 1885), B. boholense and Branchiomma luctuosum (Grube, 1870)
The 3-year monitoring on fouling communities in the Gulf of La Spezia allowed us to collect 79 taxa, half of which belong to Bryozoa and Tunicata, and to detect a total of 11 NIS
Summary
The introduction of non-indigenous species (NIS) in marine environments is considered one of the most important factors contributing to global change (Ruiz et al, 1997; OcchipintiAmbrogi, 2007; Galil et al, 2018a), including both ecological and economic impacts (Occhipinti-Ambrogi, 2007; Katsanevakis et al, 2014a; Ojaveer et al, 2015). The Mediterranean Sea is among the most invaded marine provinces (Bailey et al, 2020), with almost 800 multicellular NIS recorded (Galil et al, 2018b), and the main vectors of introduction include: the opening and enlargement of the Suez Canal, aquaculture and shipping (Ruiz et al, 2000; Galil et al, 2014, 2015; Katsanevakis et al, 2014b; Tsiamis et al, 2020). While most species introduced through the Suez Canal and by aquaculture vectors are generally confined in relatively restricted areas, vessels can further spread NIS throughout the whole Mediterranean Basin (Galil et al, 2018a). The macrozoobenthic component of the fouling communities is usually composed of both sessile epibionts—sponges, serpulids, bivalves, barnacles, bryozoans, tunicates—and mobile marine invertebrates, like but not limited to flatworms, amphipods, isopods, sea spiders and brittle stars (Connell and Glasby, 1999; Glasby and Connell, 1999; Connell, 2001; Lord et al, 2015; Gavira-O’Neill et al, 2018; Culver et al, 2021)
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
