Monitoring Leucine-Rich Repeat Containing 8 Channel (LRRC8/VRAC) Activity using Sensitized-Emission Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (SE-FRET).

Abstract

Members of the LRRC8 protein family form heteromeric ion and osmolyte channels with roles in numerous physiological processes. As volume-regulated anion channels (VRACs)/volume-sensitive outwardly rectifying channels (VSORs), they are activated upon osmotic cell swelling and mediate the extrusion of chloride and organic osmolytes, leading to the efflux of water and hence cell shrinkage. Beyond their role in osmotic volume regulation, VRACs have been implicated in cellular processes such as differentiation, migration, and apoptosis. Through their effect on membrane potential and their transport of various signaling molecules, leucine-rich repeat containing 8 (LRRC8) channels play roles in neuron-glia communication, insulin secretion, and immune response. The activation mechanism has remained elusive. LRRC8 channels, like other ion channels, are typically studied using electrophysiological methods. Here, we describe a method to detect LRRC8 channel activation by measuring intra-complex sensitized-emission Förster resonance energy transfer (SE-FRET) between fluorescent proteins fused to the C-terminal leucine-rich repeat domains of LRRC8 subunits. This method offers the possibility to study channel activation in situ without exchange of the cytosolic environment and during processes such as cell differentiation and apoptosis.