Abstract

The Rajah Brooke's Birdwing, Trogonoptera brookiana, is a large, iconic butterfly that is facing heavy commercial exploitation and habitat loss. Males of some subspecies exhibit puddling behavior. A method of conservation monitoring was developed for subspecies albescens in Ulu Geroh, Peninsular Malaysia, where the males consistently puddle in single-species aggregations at stable geothermal springs, reaching well over 300 individuals when the population is at its highest. Digital photography was used to conduct counts of numbers of males puddling. The numbers of birdwings puddling were significantly correlated with counts of birdwings in flight, but were much higher. The numbers puddling during the peak hour were correlated with numbers puddling throughout the day and could be predicted using the numbers puddling at an alternative hour, enabling flexibility in the time of counts. Average counts for three images taken at each puddle at three peak hours between 1400–1600 hours over 2–3 days were used as a monthly population index. The numbers puddling were positively associated with higher relative humidity and brightness during monitoring hours. Monthly counts of birdwings from monitoring of puddles over a period of two years are presented. The minimum effort required for a monitoring program using counts of puddling males is discussed, as well as the potential of using the method to monitor other species of puddling butterflies.

Highlights

  • The Rajah Brooke’s Birdwing, Trogonoptera brookiana Wallace (Lepidoptera, Papilionidae) is a large black and metallic green butterfly that has become a national icon in Malaysia

  • In Peninsular Malaysia, it occurs as two subspecies

  • No disruptions occurred during the comparison between transect counts and puddling counts

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Summary

Introduction

The Rajah Brooke’s Birdwing, Trogonoptera brookiana Wallace (Lepidoptera, Papilionidae) is a large black and metallic green butterfly that has become a national icon in Malaysia. In Peninsular Malaysia, it occurs as two subspecies. Subspecies albescens Rothschild is confined to the western side of the central mountain range from the state of Perak southward to Negeri Sembilan, and subspecies mollumar D’Abrera is confined to the eastern plains of Johor and southeast Pahang, with small populations occurring further northeast in Terengganu [1, 2].

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