Abstract
In this paper, we review the evolution of environmental monitoring, from its earliest days of exploration and increasing understanding of ecosystems and environment through the development of models and similar tools, to the current application of monitoring to assess project achievements. We note that information gathered through environmental monitoring is critical in evaluating the applicability of models and the accuracy of remotely-sensed information, and supporting the role of citizen science in the acquisition of environmental data. As monitoring increasingly is applied to project management, we identify the nexus between environmental and project management as needing to have purpose; observing that the purpose of monitoring evolves over time. This evolution is supported by the evaluation or assessment of the data—environmental and management related—over time, making monitoring and evaluation foundational for sound environmental management, restoration, protection, conservation, and understanding of ecosystem values.
Highlights
Yorkshire Integrated Catchment Solutions Programme, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Abstract: In this paper, we review the evolution of environmental monitoring, from its earliest days of exploration and increasing understanding of ecosystems and environment through the development of models and similar tools, to the current application of monitoring to assess project achievements
In this paper we examine the concepts involved in monitoring and evaluation in both its data gathering and project management forms and emphasize the roles of each in lake and reservoir management
Consumes time time and available forfor analysis or evaluation. In many instances this equates with the “administrative comfort” monitoring mentioned many instances this equates with the “administrative comfort” monitoring mentioned above, all is deemed to be well while results are being filed away on a regular basis, creating above, all is deemed to be well while results are being filed away on a regular basis, crethe “seen to be doing something” characteristic of many bureaucracies
Summary
In the early years of the twentieth century, a number of expeditions were conducted to various parts of the world to collect data on waterbodies, their chemistry, physics and biological composition These expeditions were in response to the growing awareness that the responses of waterbodies differed, based upon their location within the landscape, land uses, and climatic conditions [11,12]. While studies continued to highlight the role of other elements such as the micro-nutrients, the publication of the seminal paper by Redfield brought the focus firmly onto phosphorus as the most controllable of the three macro-nutrients [16] Controllable in this sense was an expression of the ease with which the specific elements were able to be removed from sewage prior to discharge into the natural environment. The use of such indicator species has resurged with its use as part of volunteer monitoring programs [30], and in wider applications as part of water quality indices such as those developed for use in the inter-tropics [31,32]
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