Abstract
Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is an invasive pest of numerous agricultural crops with an increasing global distribution. Finding simple and reliable monitoring tools for H. halys agricultural and surveillance programs is imperative. In 2016, we compared standard pyramid traps to clear sticky cards attached atop wooden stakes and evaluated two commercially formulated lures (Trécé and AgBio) with low and high rates of the H. halys aggregation pheromone (PHER) and pheromone synergist (MDT) at 12 sites (low: 5 mg PHER + 50 mg MDT; high: 20 mg PHER + 200 mg MDT). In 2017, we reevaluated lure efficacy using only the clear sticky traps at six locations. Sites were classified as having low, moderate, or high relative population densities of H. halys in 2016, and as very low or low densities of H. halys in 2017. Although clear sticky traps captured fewer adults and nymphs than pyramid traps, their captures were generally correlated at all population levels indicating that clear sticky traps can reliably monitor H. halys presence and relative abundance regardless of relative population density. During both years, adult and nymphal captures were significantly greater in traps baited with Trécé lures than with AgBio lures. Captures were greater in traps baited with high loading rate lures for each lure type, and with the exception of traps baited with AgBio lures at high relative density sites in 2016, H. halys captures in traps with low and high loading rates of each lure type were correlated for both years. Comparison of yellow and clear sticky cards indicated they performed equally, but yellow cards captured more nontargets. In summary, clear sticky traps attached atop wooden posts and baited with H. halys pheromone and pheromone synergist lures are an effective option for this pest monitoring and detection.
Highlights
Monitoring pest populations is critical in agricultural systems and for biosurveillance of invasive pests at high-risk areas and newly invaded locations
In 2016, we compared H. halys captures between standard pyramid traps [17] and clear sticky traps deployed along the perimeter of agricultural areas adjacent to woods across 12 sites in West Virginia (WV) and Virginia (VA), USA (Table 1)
Mean weekly captures of H. halys adults was found to be significantly different with 1.93 ± 0.16, 7.2 ± 0.33 and 15.43 ± 1.53 adults/trap/week for low, moderate and high relative population density sites, respectively (GLM ZI Poisson: χ2 = 9758.31, df = 2, p < 0.0001)
Summary
Monitoring pest populations is critical in agricultural systems and for biosurveillance of invasive pests at high-risk areas and newly invaded locations. Treatment thresholds based on monitoring tools can be used to effectively manage pest populations, while reducing production costs and nontarget effects [1]. Insects 2018, 9, 82 can provide accurate information on the presence, establishment and distribution of invasive pests in new areas, thereby ensuring the potential for timely action for eradication and/or reducing the rate of spread [2]. The need to develop an effective and reliable monitoring tool for the purpose of pest management and biosurveillance is pertinent to the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Due to its increasing distribution and potential risk of establishment in other areas [11,12] which can be partly attributed to human-mediated dispersal (hitchhiking), countries like New Zealand have initiated development of biosurveillance programs to detect presence of H. halys before they become well-established [13]. The need to find an effective, practical and user-friendly trap for H. halys monitoring either under the framework of integrated pest management and/or biosurveillance has become paramount
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