Abstract
Severe health risks caused by PM10 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤10 μm) pollution have induced inevitable economic losses and have rendered pressure on the sustainable development of society as a whole. In China, with the “Polluters Pay Principle”, polluters should pay for the pollution they have caused, but how much they should pay remains an intractable problem for policy makers. This paper integrated an epidemiological exposure-response model with economics methods, including the Amended Human Capital (AHC) approach and the Cost of Illness (COI) method, to value the economic loss of PM10-related health risks in 16 districts and also 4 functional zones in Beijing from 2008 to 2012. The results show that from 2008 to 2012 the estimated annual deaths caused by PM10 in Beijing are around 56,000, 58,000, 63,000, 61,000 and 59,000, respectively, while the economic losses related to health damage increased from around 23 to 31 billion dollars that PM10 polluters should pay for pollution victims between 2008 and 2012. It is illustrated that not only PM10 concentration but also many other social economic factors influence PM10-related health economic losses, which makes health economic losses show a time lag discrepancy compared with the decline of PM10 concentration. In conclusion, health economic loss evaluation is imperative in the pollution indemnity system establishment and should be considered for the urban planning and policy making to control the burgeoning PM10 health economic loss.
Highlights
In recent decades, the economy and population growth in China have come at the expense of environmental degradation [1] and a public health emergency
Outpatient visits to internal medicine, outpatient visits to pediatrics and asthma attacks showed relatively higher risks among all the health endpoints related to PM10 pollution
We assessed inhalable particulate matter pollution including health risks, impacts and economic losses in Beijing from 2008 to 2012 with the Amended Human Capital (AHC) and Cost of Illness (COI) approaches on the district scale, functional-zone scale and city scale based on the epidemiological studies
Summary
The economy and population growth in China have come at the expense of environmental degradation [1] and a public health emergency. 5.5 years because of the air pollution [2]. PM10 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤10 μm), as one of the primary air pollutants, has become a serious issue in recent years as a result of emissions from the fast economic development of transportation, industry and tourism [3,4]. More than three million people are estimated to have died prematurely as a result of outdoor particulate matter pollution in 2010, as reported by the World Health Organization’s Global Burden of Diseases [5]. The great economic losses caused by this pollution cannot be ignored in sustainable national or regional development. In this study we quantify the associated amount of health-related economic losses to serve as and provide a proxy for the health risks of PM10 pollution
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