Abstract
This paper addresses the question of whether and how monetary policy ease may lead to excesses in financial and real asset markets and ultimately result in financial dislocation. It presents evidence suggesting that periods when short-term interest rates have been persistently and significantly below what Taylor rules would prescribe are correlated with increases in asset prices, especially as regards housing, though no systematic effects are identified on equity markets. Significant asset price increases, however, can also occur when interest rates are in line with Taylor rules, associated with periods of financial deregulation and/or innovation. The paper argues that accommodating monetary policy over the period 2002-2005, in combination with rapid financial market innovation, would seem in retrospect to have been among the factors behind the run-up in asset prices and consequent financial imbalances -- the (partial) unwinding of which helped trigger the 2007 financial market turmoil. Moreover, the paper points out that in certain situations policy rates may be a rather blunt tool for dealing with both the build-up and aftermath of financial imbalances, raising the question whether “macro-prudential” regulation could be useful. Politique monetaire, exces des marches et troubles financiers Dans quelle mesure la politique monetaire a-t-elle pu conduire a des exces dans les marches d'actifs reels et financiers et in fine mener aux recentes perturbations financieres ? Cette etude aborde cette question en fournissant des elements qui laissent a penser que, lorsque les taux courts se trouvent de maniere durable nettement au-dessous de ce que prescrirait une regle de Taylor, les prix des actifs, notamment immobiliers, ont tendance a s'elever (hormis ceux des actions). D'importantes augmentations des prix des actifs sont aussi observees lors des periodes de deregulation ou d'innovation financieres. Cette etude avance des arguments selon lesquels le relâchement monetaire observe en 2002-2005, se combinant a une rapide innovation financiere, apparait retrospectivement comme l'un des facteurs ayant contribue a l'envolee des prix des actifs et au gonflement des desequilibres financiers qui en a resulte, un processus dont la resorption a alimente les troubles financiers de 2007. En outre, cette etude souligne que, dans certaines situations, les taux directeurs sont un instrument peu adapte pour repondre a la formation et au degonflement de desequilibres financiers, ce qui souleve la question de savoir si la reglementation « macro-prudentielle » ne serait pas alors plus utile.
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