Monazite geochronology and geothermobarometry in polymetamorphic host rocks of volcanic-hosted massive sulphide mineralizations in the Mesoproterozoic Areachap Terrane, South Africa

Abstract

The Areachap Terrane represents the medium-to high-grade metamorphic and deformed remnants of a Mesoproterozoic (ca. 1240–1300 Ma) volcanic arc bound to the margin of the Archean Kaapvaal Craton in the east, and the polydeformed and metamorphosed Proterozoic Namaqua Province in the west. There has been protracted debate as to the exact nature, origin, age and tectonic evolution of this terrane, adjacent to an important Mesoproterozoic crustal suture between the Archean Kaapvaal Craton and the Namaqua Province, which developed during the ∼1200–1000 Ma Namaquan Orogeny. The Areachap Terrane comprises highly deformed bimodal volcanic and volcano sedimentary successions that host a number of massive sulphide base metal orebodies. Samples from three of these orebodies at different locations were analysed to determine the age and P–T conditions of metamorphism along the Areachap Terrane. Metamorphic ages were determined by electron microprobe chemical dating of monazite. Garnet- and amphibole-bearing mineral assemblages were used for geothermobarometry at the Areachap Mine, located in the northern sector of the Areachap Terrane, monazite geochronology yields evidence for two populations of Th–U–Pb-ages at 1432 ± 30 Ma – a possible protolith age – and a metamorphic age of 1153 ± 21 Ma. Kantienpan and Copperton, representing the central and southern sector of the Areachap Terrane respectively, yield monazite ages for a younger metamorphic event with U–Th–Pb-ages of 1108 ± 19 Ma and 1104 ± 17 Ma, respectively. Geothermobarometric data give a differentiated view on the metamorphic evolution of the Areachap Terrane. An arc consistent clockwise P–T evolution path and upper amphibolite-facies peak metamorphic conditions are consistent at the three locations. The Areachap site shows a short prograde development with 8.0 kbar maximum pressure at circa 700 °C maximum temperature and a subsequent retrograde metamorphism. At Kantienpan, on the other hand, maximum metamorphic conditions of 6.5 kbar at 600–650 °C are obtained, whereas at Copperton retrograde metamorphism is most distinct with maximum pressures around 8 kbar at circa 650 °C. These locally differentiated metamorphic and geochronological evolution paths in the Areachap Terrane are closely related to the Mesoproterozoic events in the adjacent Namaqua Province.