Abstract
The present study underlines a statistically optimized, low cost, effective approach for efficient co-valorization of two non-efficiently utilized, highly accumulated, raw agro-industrial wastes: corn cob and glycerol for co-production of natural biopigments: monascus orange and red pigments by the aid of Monascus purpureus strain ATCC 16436. A three step sequential, statistical modeling approach: one variable at a time (OVAT), Plackett-Burman design (PBD), and central composite design (CCD) was employed to optimize the production of monascus pigments using co-solid state fermentation of the two raw agro-industrial wastes. Corn cob among other carbon sources (e.g., rice grains, sugarcane bagasse, and potato peel) was the most appropriate substrate triggering co-production of orange and red monascus pigments; deduced from OVAT. Glycerol and inoculum size proved to impose significant consequences (P<0.05) on the production of monascus pigments as inferred from PBD. The optimal levels of inoculum size (12 x 1011 spores/mL) and glycerol (2.17 M) did achieve a maximal color value of 133.77 and 108.02 color value units/mL of orange and red pigments, respectively at 30 oC after 10 days; concluded from CCD with an agitation speed of 150 rpm. Present data would underpin the large scale production of monascus pigments using the present approach for efficient exploitation of such biopigments in food, pharmaceutical and textile industries.
Highlights
Uncontrolled usage of synthetic coloring agents in food, pharmaceutical, and textile industries has posed critical environmental considerations and health issues [1]
Monascus purpureus strain ATCC16436 was used in this study as a producer for monascus orange and red pigments
With regard to the initial pH of the production medium, the highest significant levels of orange and red monascus pigments were achieved at pH 4.5–5.0 simultaneously with a marked significant decline in these levels at below and above this range (Fig 2)
Summary
Uncontrolled usage of synthetic coloring agents (dyes) in food, pharmaceutical, and textile industries has posed critical environmental considerations and health issues [1]. Co-valorization of glycerol and corncob towards monascus orange and red pigments production biopigments [2,3,4]. Microorganisms are superior over plants regarding certain issues, of prime importance are renewable sources for biopigments accompanied with massive production, controlled scaled up bioprocessing, easiness in genetic manipulation, fastly growing organisms, low, cost, effective growth and/or production media, simplicity in handling,no need for big land areas for growth like plants, etc [5]. Representative examples of microbial biopigments are zeaxanthin from Staphylococcus aureus and Flavobacterium spp., prodigiosin from Serratia marcescens, astaxanthin from Sphingomonas spp., pyocyanin blue from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, violacein from Achrobacterium violaceum, and monascus pigments from Monascus spp.[2,3,4, 6]. Monascus biopigments, red (rubropanctamine and monascorubramine), orange (monascorubrin and rubropunctatin), and yellow ankaflavin and monascin) ones, belong to azophilones [7, 8]. Monascus biopigments are produced by nine species of the fungal genus Monascus such as M.ruber [9], M.kaoliang, M.pilosus [10], M. sanguineus [11], and M.purpureus [12,13,14]
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