Abstract
Post-translational modifications of proteins and peptides have recently gained much attention, as they are involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease and eventually also in the progression of chronic kidney disease Here, we provide an overview of post-translational protein modifications such as carbamylation, glycation and oxidation, starting with their definitions, mechanisms and clinical relevance in the setting of chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease. The methods currently used for the identification and especially quantification of post-translational modifications are described and potential treatment options in the context of post-translational modifications are reviewed. We concluded that advancements in mass-spectrometry-based methods will certainly boost the clinical utility of sample analyses, leading to the identification of novel disease markers and/or pathophysiologically relevant factors.
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