Momentary Self-esteem as a Process Underlying the Association Between Childhood Trauma and Psychosis: Experience Sampling Study

Abstract

Exposure to childhood trauma is associated with an increased risk of developing and maintaining psychotic symptoms later in life. Self-esteem might be an important psychological process underlying the association between childhood trauma and psychosis, but there is only limited evidence to support this claim, especially in daily life. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether exposure to childhood trauma (physical, emotional, and sexual abuse and physical and emotional neglect) moderates the cross-sectional and temporal associations between self-esteem and psychotic experiences in patients with psychotic disorders, their first-degree relatives, and controls. We assessed momentary self-esteem and psychotic experiences in daily life using the experience sampling method in 139 patients with psychotic disorders, 118 first-degree relatives of patients with psychotic disorders, and 111 controls. Childhood trauma was measured using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. We fitted linear mixed models and added two-way and three-way interaction terms to test the hypotheses. The association between momentary self-esteem and psychotic experiences in daily life was modified by prior exposure to high versus low levels of several types of childhood trauma, that is, physical (χ22=24.9, family-wise error-corrected P<.001) and sexual abuse (χ22=15.9, P<.001) and physical neglect (χ22=116.7, P<.001). Specifically, momentary self-esteem was associated with more intense psychotic experiences in patients exposed to high versus low levels of physical neglect, in relatives exposed to high versus low levels of physical abuse, and in relatives and controls exposed to high versus low levels of sexual abuse. When investigating temporal order, the results showed no evidence that childhood trauma modified the temporal associations between self-esteem at tn-1 and psychotic experiences at tn or those between psychotic experiences at tn-1 and self-esteem at tn. The association between self-esteem and psychotic experiences in daily life was found to be stronger in those exposed to high versus low levels of several types of childhood trauma (ie, physical abuse, sexual abuse, and physical neglect).