Moltke as a Model for Information Warfare

Abstract

Abstract : At first blush Helmuth von Moltke the Elder, the chief of the Prussian General Staff from 1857 to 1887, might seem to be a rather odd point of departure for a discussion of issues associated with late 20th century Information Warfare (IW). Clausewitz, with his emphasis on concentrating forces for a decisive battle, or Sun Tzu, with his focus on an indirect approach and subduing the enemy without battle, might appear to be more appropriate examples for Information Warfare. Moltke, however, can provide many critical insights into developing a set of strategies for the emerging battlespace of IW, specifically, as seen in (1) his recognizing the military ramifications of new technology, (2) the concept of strategic envelopment as a sophisticated alternative to a brute-force frontal assault, and (3) the decentralization of command as a necessary component of effective operations in a new technological environment. Moltke's ideas have a surprising relevance to many of the key questions being debated today with respect to IW, and they deserve a fresh look in this context. A review of the parallels will also point out some of the dilemmas or weaknesses resulting from both Moltke's approach and current IW thinking, especially with respect to asymmetrical threats. For the purposes of this paper, IW will be defined in a narrow, technological, and sense. It will refer specifically to combat in cyberspace, not in the broader and all-inclusive information realm. In other words, IW involves those actions taken to affect an enemy's critical information systems while defending one's own information systems. The potential targets in this regard would embrace a range of objectives, including command and control as well as national information infrastructures that control such vital but vulnerable sectors as energy, transportation, and financial services.