Molten-salts assisted preparation of iron-nitrogen-carbon catalyst for efficient degradation of acetaminophen by periodate activation

Abstract

Highly efficient and stable heterogeneous catalysts were desired to activate periodate (PI) for sustainable pollution control. Herein, iron-nitrogen-carbon catalyst was synthesized using a facile molten-salts mediated pyrolysis strategy (denoted as FeNC-MS) and employed to activate PI for the degradation of acetaminophen (ACE). Compared with iron-nitrogen-carbon catalyst prepared by direct pyrolysis method (marked as FeNC), FeNC-MS exhibited superior catalytic activity due to its large specific surface area (1600 m2 g−1) and the abundance of FeNx sites. The batch experiments revealed that FeNC/PI process achieved 37 % ACE removal within 20 min, while ACE removal in FeNC-MS/PI process was 98 % under the identical conditions. Integrated with electron paramagnetic resonance tests, quenching experiments, chemical probe identification, and electrochemical experiments, we demonstrated that FeNC-MS-PI complexes-mediated electron transfer was the predominant mechanism for the oxidation of ACE. Further analysis disclosed that FeNx sites in FeNC-MS were the main active sites for the activation of PI. Additionally, FeNC-MS/PI process exhibited significant resistance to humic acid and background electrolyte, and avoided the secondary pollution imposed by Fe leaching. The possible degradation pathways of ACE were proposed. The germination experiments of lettuce seeds showed that the ecotoxicity of ACE solution was significantly reduced after treatment with FeNC-MS/PI process. Overall, this study provided a facile strategy for the synthesis of efficient iron-nitrogen-carbon catalysts and gained fundamental insight into the mechanism of PI activation by iron-nitrogen-carbon catalysts for pollutants degradation.