Molt patterns, aging criteria, and molt-breeding seasonality of 8 native forest birds from the Island of Hawai‘i

Abstract

‘O ka nui o ka ‘ikepili no ke ‘ano a me ka manawa o ka hānau keiki ‘ana a me ka māunu ‘ana o nā manu, ua loa‘a mai ke kālailai ‘ana i nā manu o nā ‘āina kemepale. ‘O nā manu kopikala, he ‘oko‘a loa ko lākou pō‘aiapuni ola. Ma ka hala ‘ana o nā makahiki he mau miliona, ua liliuewe mai he mau lāhulu manu ‘āpa‘akuma ma Hawai‘i pae ‘āina nei, he ‘āina kopikala i loa‘a ‘ole nā kau kemepale. Ua kālailai māua i ka ‘ikepili mai nā atikala he nui ma waena o ka makahiki 1994 a i ka makahiki 2020. He mau ‘atikala kālailai ia i nā pō‘aiapuni ola o nā manu o kekahi mau ‘āina ‘oko‘a i mea e kālai ai i ke ‘ano o ka māunu ‘ana o nā manu, a i mea ho‘i e ho‘okahua ai i nā kūlana pa‘a e maopopo i ke keka a me ka nui makahiki o nā manu ma ke ‘ano kūmau o ka ‘ōnaehana WRP. He ‘ōnaehana ka WRP e hō‘oia ai i ke ‘ano o ka wā māunu a me ke kūlana makahiki o nā manu kopikala. Eia ho‘i, ua wehewehe māua i ka pō‘aiapuni o ka wā māunu, a me ka pō‘aiapuni o ka hānau keiki ‘ana o nā manu i kālai ‘ia. Ua helu ho‘i māua i ka ‘oko‘a o nā manu kāne a me nā manu wahine o ‘ewalu mau lāhulu manu Hawai‘i ma ke ‘ano o ka waiho‘olu‘u o ka hulu a me nā ‘oko‘a ‘ē a‘e o ke kino. Ua hō‘oia māua i ke kūpono o ka WRP i ‘ōnaehana hō‘oia kūlana makahiki ma kona ‘ano he ki‘ina hana e hō‘oia ai i ke kūlana makahiki o nā manu nahele o ka mokupuni ‘o Hawai‘i. Ua wae‘ano nō māua i nā manu a pau o nā lāhulu ‘ewalu i kālai ‘ia ma ke ‘ano o ka hulu a me ke ‘ano o ka māunu ‘ana; ‘o ia mau ‘ano o ka hulu, he hulu kuapo‘i, hulu ‘ōpiopio, a he hulu makua. Eia ho‘i, he ‘elua mau ‘ano hulu makua ‘ana ko ‘elua o nā lāhulu manu. Ua ‘oko‘a nā lāhulu manu ‘ewalu a pau mai ke ‘ano o nā manu kemepale i ka ‘oi lō‘ihi o ko lākou mau wā hānau keiki a me ko lākou mau wā māunu. He ka‘awale na‘e ia mau wā kekahi mai kekahi, no ka ho‘oluhi nui paha i ke kino o ka manu. Kaulapa iki nā wā hānau keiki a me nā wā māunu o kekahi mau manu o ia mau lāhulu, ‘a‘ole na‘e i nui loa nā manu e hana pēlā. He ‘elua wale ho‘i mau lāhulu i ‘oi nui ia kaulapa ‘ana ma ‘umi pakeneka a ‘oi o nā manu i hopu ‘ia. He kōkua nui ka ‘oi maika‘i o nā ki‘ina hana hō‘oia keka a me nā ki‘ina hana hō‘oia kūlana makahiki i ka hō‘oia‘i‘o i ka ‘ikepili i ‘ohi‘ohi ‘ia ma nā kālailai ho‘okolo manu. He ko‘iko‘i ia ‘ikepili e maopopo ai kākou i ka liliuwelo o nā lāhulu manu i ko lākou mau wahi pono‘ī.