Abstract

Simple SummaryHigh hydrostatic pressure generally has an adverse effect on the biological systems of organisms inhabiting lands or shallow sea regions. Deep-sea piezophiles that prefer high hydrostatic pressure for growth have garnered considerable scientific attention. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of their adaptation to high pressure remains unclear owing to the challenges of culturing and manipulating the genome of piezophiles. Humans also experience high hydrostatic pressure during exercise. A long-term stay in space can cause muscle weakness in astronauts. Thus, the human body indubitably senses mechanical stresses such as hydrostatic pressure and gravity. Nonetheless, the mechanisms underlying biological responses to high pressures are not clearly understood. This review summarizes the occurrence and significance of high-pressure effects in eukaryotic cells and how the cell responds to increasing pressure by particularly focusing on the physiology of S. cerevisiae at the molecular level.High hydrostatic pressure is common mechanical stress in nature and is also experienced by the human body. Organisms in the Challenger Deep of the Mariana Trench are habitually exposed to pressures up to 110 MPa. Human joints are intermittently exposed to hydrostatic pressures of 3–10 MPa. Pressures less than 50 MPa do not deform or kill the cells. However, high pressure can have various effects on the cell’s biological processes. Although Saccharomyces cerevisiae is not a deep-sea piezophile, it can be used to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying the cell’s responses to high pressures by applying basic knowledge of the effects of pressure on industrial processes involving microorganisms. We have explored the genes associated with the growth of S. cerevisiae under high pressure by employing functional genomic strategies and transcriptomics analysis and indicated a strong association between high-pressure signaling and the cell’s response to nutrient availability. This review summarizes the occurrence and significance of high-pressure effects on complex metabolic and genetic networks in eukaryotic cells and how the cell responds to increasing pressure by particularly focusing on the physiology of S. cerevisiae at the molecular level. Mechanosensation in humans has also been discussed.

Highlights

  • The use of genetic databases and functional genomic screening of S. cerevisiae can improve our fundamental understanding of the effects of high hydrostatic pressure on living cells

  • Many yeast strains belonging to the genera Candida and Debaryomyces are found in deep-sea environments and share many common genes with S. cerevisiae, which is not found in deep-sea environments

  • This review summarizes the mechanisms and biological processes associated with high-pressure adaptation in eukaryotes, especially yeasts

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Summary

General Effects of High Hydrostatic Pressure on Biological Systems

While high hydrostatic pressure is a commonly known characteristic of deep-sea environments, the human body experiences high pressure. Numerous studies have revealed that many deep-sea animal proteins intrinsically exhibit less sensitivity to high pressure than their orthologs from shallow species. These differences reduce volume changes occurring in reactions [18]. The formation of cytoskeletal actin filaments is more resistant to high pressure in deep-sea fish species than in their shallow sea counterparts [19] The acquisition of this pressure tolerance in actin occurs, in part, due to the presence of more salt-bridges between amino acids associated with ATP-binding and structural stability [19]. The occurrence and response of S. cerevisiae cells to high pressure are described

Effects of High Pressure on Cultured Human Cells and Tissues
Effects of Lethal Levels of High Pressure on Yeast Survival
Tryptophan Uptake Is Crucial for Yeast Physiology under High Pressure
High Pressure Induces Degradation of Tryptophan Permeases via Ubiquitination
Transcriptional Analysis of Genes Responsive to High Pressures
Global Functional Analysis of Genes Required for Growth under High Pressure
Background
High Pressure Activates a Nutrient Sensor Protein Kinase Complex TORC1
10. Conclusions
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