Abstract
Implant surface modification by nanopatterning is an interesting route for enhancing osseointegration in humans. Herein, the molecular response to an intentional, controlled nanotopography pattern superimposed on screw-shaped titanium implants is investigated in human bone. When clinical implants are installed, additional two mini-implants, one with a machined surface (M) and one with a machined surface superimposed with a hemispherical nanopattern (MN), are installed in the posterior maxilla. In the second-stage surgery, after 6–8 weeks, the mini-implants are retrieved by unscrewing, and the implant-adherent cells are subjected to gene expression analysis using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Compared to those adherent to the machined (M) implants, the cells adherent to the nanopatterned (MN) implants demonstrate significant upregulation (1.8- to 2-fold) of bone-related genes (RUNX2, ALP, and OC). No significant differences are observed in the expression of the analyzed inflammatory and remodeling genes. Correlation analysis reveals that older patient age is associated with increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and MCP-1) on the machined implants and decreased expression of pro-osteogenic factor (BMP-2) on the nanopatterned implants. Controlled nanotopography, in the form of hemispherical 60 nm protrusions, promotes gene expressions related to early osteogenic differentiation and osteoblastic activity in implant-adherent cells in the human jaw bone.
Highlights
The implantation of materials in bone has revolutionized their application in orthopedic and cranio-maxillo-facial contexts
Surface microgrooves created by tooling were seen in both implant groups (M and MN), but the MN group contains a superimposed nanopattern consisting of semispheres of a uniform size (26 nm height, and 51 nm average diameter) with an ordered short-range distribution
Further surface topography investigation by optical profilometry showed that nanopatterning did not affect microscale roughness
Summary
The implantation of materials in bone has revolutionized their application in orthopedic and cranio-maxillo-facial contexts. The science underpinning the long-term survival and success rates in the range of 80−99% for oral implants,[1−5] hip and knee arthroplasties,[6,7] amputation prostheses,[8−10] and boneanchored hearing devices[11−14] goes back to the concept of osseointegration This concept includes structural adaptation and/or bonding of organic and inorganic components and the preceding cellular and molecular processes.[15−18] The latter processes occur in a narrow interface zone between the surface of the material and tissue.[17,19] Surface modifications have been an essential method by which material properties are optimized for oral implants.[20] The majority of these modifications entail subtractive techniques as blasting alone, blasting and etching or anodization in combinations.[21] Generally, the resulting range of topographic features on multiple scales hinders the detailed understanding of the role of specific length scale surface properties in cellular, structural, biomechanical, and clinical outcomes. Strategies to enable the elucidation of such correlations on the nanoscale level include nanoprocessing techniques, allowing the experiments to be reproducible and consistent.[22]
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