Molecular recognition at the thrombin active site: structure-based design and synthesis of potent and selective thrombin inhibitors and the X-ray crystal structures of two thrombin-inhibitor complexes

Abstract

Background: The serine protease thrombin is central in the processes of hemostasis and thrombosis. To be useful, thrombin inhibitors should combine potency towards thrombin with selectivity towards other related enzymes such as trypsin. We previously reported the structure-based design of thrombin inhibitors with rigid, bicyclic core structures. These compounds were highly active towards thrombin, but showed only modest selectivity. Results: Here, we describe the rational design of selective thrombin inhibitors starting from the X-ray crystal structure of the complex between the previously generated lead molecule and thrombin. The lead molecule bound with a K i value of 90 nM and a selectivity of 7.8 for thrombin over trypsin. Our design led to inhibitors with improved activity and greatly enhanced selectivity. The binding mode for two of the new inhibitors was determined by X-ray crystallography of their complexes with thrombin. The results confirmed the structures predicted by molecular modeling and, together with the binding assays, provided profound insight into molecular recognition phenomena at the thrombin active site. Conclusions: A novel class of nonpeptidic, selective thrombin inhibitors has resulted from structure-based design and subsequent improvement of the initial lead molecule. These compounds, which are preorganized for binding to thrombin through a rigid, bicyclic or tricyclic central core, could aid in the development of new antithrombotic drugs. Correlative binding and X-ray structural studies within a series of related, highly preorganized inhibitors, which all prefer similar modes of association to thrombin, generate detailed information on the strength of individual intermolecular bonding interactions and their contribution to the overall free energy of complexation.