Abstract
Adenocaulon (Asteraceae) is a small genus with only five species but has a broad amphi-Pacific distribution pattern with three species distributed disjunctly in South America, Central America and North America and two endemic species spanning eastern Asia to the Himalayas. To trace the biogeographic pattern of the genus, we reconstructed its phylogenetic relationships and diversification history based on one nuclear and eight plastid gene regions. Our results showed that Adenocaulon is monophyletic and may have originated in Central America during the Miocene, dispersed into North America and finally reached the Himalayas via the Bering Land Bridge. The hypothesized trajectory implies that long-distance dispersal may have played an important role in the formation of the distribution of this group of species. This hypothesis seems to have gained support from the special morphological structure of fruits of the genus.
Highlights
The genus Adenocaulon Hook., consisting of five species, is a small genus in the angiosperm family Asteraceae, and has a broad amphi-Pacific distribution (Bittmann, 1990)
Based on the results from previous phylogenetic analyses of Asteraceae (Panero and Funk, 2008; Ortiz et al, 2009), additional samples were used from eight genera that are closely related to Adenocaulon (Gerbera, Leibnitzia, Chaptalia, Trichocline, Brachyclados, Pachylaena, Mutisia, and Chaetanthera of the tribe Mutisieae of the subfamily Mutisioideae) and 15 distantly related genera of the subfamily
The two species found in East Asia, A. himalaicum and A. nepalense, form a clade with high support values (PP = 100, BP = 93, PL =98), which is sister to A. bicolor (North America) (Figure 2)
Summary
The genus Adenocaulon Hook., consisting of five species, is a small genus in the angiosperm family Asteraceae, and has a broad amphi-Pacific distribution (Bittmann, 1990). Two species are endemic to East Asia while the other three occur in North and South America. Adenocaulon nepalense Bittmann is native to Bhutan, Nepal and India, and Adenocaulon himalaicum Edgew is distributed from the Himalayas to northeastern Asia and Japan (Bittmann, 1990; Funk and Hind, 2016). In the New World, Adenocaulon bicolor Hook. Is distributed in North America, Adenocaulon lyratum S. The five species generally present a disjunct distribution pattern, with no species of Adenocaulon present in Africa, the Mediterranean, tropical Asia or Oceania
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