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Abstract
Pregnancy produces a protective effect against breast cancer in women who had their first full term pregnancy (FTP) in their middle twenties. The later in life the first delivery occurs, the higher the risk of breast cancer development. Also, transiently during the postpartum period, the risk of developing breast cancer increases. This transient increased risk is taken over by a long-lasting protective period. The genomic profile of parous women has shown pregnancy induces a long-lasting “genomic signature” that explains the preventive effect on breast cancer. This signature reveals that chromatin remodeling is the driver of the differentiation process conferred by FTP. The chromatin remodeling process may be the ultimate step mediating the protection of the breast against developing breast cancer in post-menopausal years.
Highlights
Breast cancer affects women of all ages, races, and nationalities [1,2,3]
The chromatin modifications observed in the parous breast are accompanied by higher expression of genes related to cell adhesion and differentiation, such as laminins, desmocollin-3, cytokeratin 5, and GATA binding protein 3 (GATA3) [34, 36, 39]
This study shows that a full term pregnancy (FTP) induces long-term expression changes in genes related to the processes of development, cell differentiation, and chromatin remodeling [88] as has been found in the parous post-menopausal breast [34, 36, 39, 84]
Summary
Breast cancer affects women of all ages, races, and nationalities [1,2,3]. The worldwide incidence has increased 30–40% since the 1970s [1, 3,4,5,6]. This risk reaches the same levels observed in nulliparous women when first full term pregnancy (FTP) occurs between 30 and years of age, increasing even further after years [9, 10]. High estrogen levels have been associated with increased risk of developing breast cancer in pre and post-menopausal women [13, 23,24,25].
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