Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a serious disease that affects millions of people throughout the world, despite considerable advances in therapy. The formation of colorectal adenomas and invasive adenocarcinomas is the consequence of a succession of genetic and epigenetic changes in the normal colonic epithelium. Genetic and epigenetic processes associated with the onset, development, and metastasis of sporadic CRC have been studied in depth, resulting in identifying biomarkers that might be used to predict behaviour and prognosis beyond staging and influence therapeutic options. A novel biomarker, or a group of biomarkers, must be discovered in order to build an accurate and clinically useful test that may be used as an alternative to conventional methods for the early detection of CRC and to identify prospective new therapeutic intervention targets. To minimise the mortality burden of colorectal cancer, new screening methods with higher accuracy and nano-based diagnostic precision are needed. Cytotoxic medication has negative side effects and is restricted by medication resistance. One of the most promising cancer treatment techniques is the use of nano-based carrier system as a medication delivery mechanism. To deliver cytotoxic medicines, targeted nanoparticles might take advantage of differently expressed molecules on the surface of cancer cells. The use of different compounds as ligands on the surface of nanoparticles to interact with cancer cells, enabling the efficient delivery of antitumor medicines. Formulations based on nanoparticles might aid in early cancer diagnosis and help to overcome the limitations of traditional treatments, including low water solubility, nonspecific biodistribution, and restricted bioavailability. This article addresses about the molecular pathogenesis of CRC and highlights about biomarkers. It also provides conceptual knowledge of nanotechnology-based diagnostic techniques and therapeutic approaches for malignant colorectal cancer.
Highlights
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a serious health issue in developed and developing countries alike, with the third highest incidence rate of all tumour-causing diseases [1]
When colorectal cancer (CRC) progresses from an adenomas or serrated lesions stage, genetic and epigenetic changes accumulate in the lesions, giving progressively dysplastic characteristics until they become an adenocarcinoma [34]
According to research, compared to healthy individuals, CRC patients had higher serum and plasma levels of Insulin Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 2 (IGFBP2). It has emerged as a diagnostic device for the primary identification and development of CRC, since it is implicated in cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion
Summary
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a serious health issue in developed and developing countries alike, with the third highest incidence rate of all tumour-causing diseases [1]. Recent epigenetic research has found a missing connection between certain gene expression patterns associated with CRC and the lack of genetic abnormalities This missing link has been discovered during the last two decades [5]. Many potential nanomedicine advancements are based on these systems, which have evolved from basic drug-loaded nanoparticles to multifunctional nanoparticles that target particular cancer cells by attaching them to specific cell-surface proteins. Antigens such as integrin and folic acid receptors, which are differentially expressed on the surface of cancer cells, can be targeted using targeted nanoparticles [12]. It provided an outlook on therapeutic nanoparticles for the management of CRC
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