Abstract
The limited effects of currently available antidepressants are becoming an urgent issue in depression research. It takes a long time to determine treatment effects, and the overall remission rate is low. Although we expect the development of non-monoamine antidepressants in the near future, efforts in this regard over the past several decades have not yet been compensated. Thus, researchers and clinicians should clarify the neurobiological mechanisms of integrated modulators that regulate changes in genes, cells, the brain, and behaviors associated with depression. In this study, we review molecular neurobiological theories and new treatments for depression. Beyond neuroanatomy and monoamine theory, we discuss cells and molecules, neural plasticity, neurotrophisms, endocrine mechanisms, immunological mechanisms, genetics, circadian rhythms, and metabolic regulation in depression. In addition, we introduce the possibility of new antidepressant drug development using protein translation signaling (mTOR) pathways.
Highlights
Depression is currently one of the most important causes of mortality and morbidity, which occurs in all genders, ages, and social backgrounds
The limbic-cortical-striatal-pallidal-thalamic tract, which is connected to the hippocampus, amygdala, caudate nucleus, putamen, and the frontal cortex, is thought to be the key neuroanatomical circuit in depression [4]
Since the hippocampus is associated with learning and memory, it is associated with cognitive impairment in depression
Summary
Depression is currently one of the most important causes of mortality and morbidity, which occurs in all genders, ages, and social backgrounds. Serious problems, such as suicidal behavior, is frequently occurring in the patients with depression. The most important reason associated with this disabling disorder is that depression is a multifaceted disorder with diverse causes and that our knowledge about its pathogenetic mechanisms is limited [2]. The pathogenesis and treatment mechanisms of depression are understood thanks to multilateral neurobiological studies and the introduction and development of antidepressants. The importance of the neurotransmission system in patients with depression has been recognized alongside the introduction of antidepressants. Molecular biological studies and gene manipulation tests have contributed to mounting evidence regarding the preclinical grounds associated with depression
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