Abstract
BackgroundLigularia fischeri (Ledeb) Turcz (LFT) is a well-known expectorant and active anti-inflammatory agent in Chinese traditional medicine. LFT’s expectorant effect is closely related to its anti-inflammatory effects. This study aimed to evaluate the differential composition and anti-inflammatory mechanisms of the volatile components in LFT from different production areas.MethodHeadspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of volatile components, as well as chemometric methods, including similarity analysis, hierarchical clustering analysis, and principal component analysis, were performed to identify LFT produced in different areas. The molecular mechanism underlying the anti-inflammatory effects of these components was determined by network pharmacology analysis.ResultsWe observed significant differences in the chemical constituents and percentage contents in samples with different origins. Eighteen volatile components were identified in four different producing areas, among which the highest content of olefinic components was the main component of the aroma of LFT. The mechanisms of these pharmacological effects involved multiple targets and pathways. Twenty-seven potential target proteins and 65 signaling pathways were screened, and a “component-target-disease” interaction network map was constructed. The volatile components of the LFT function mainly by inhibiting the production of inflammatory factors.ConclusionThis study provides a theoretical framework for further development and application of LFT used in traditional Chinese medicine.Graphical abstract
Highlights
Ligularia fischeri (Ledeb) Turcz (LFT) is a well-known expectorant and active anti-inflammatory agent in Chinese traditional medicine
This study provides a theoretical framework for further development and application of LFT used in traditional Chinese medicine
The obtained results by SPME-GC/Headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (MS) indicated that different chromatographic profiles for the four LFT samples, leading to the conclusion that factors such as the climatic conditions, the storage conditions and the different geographic origin of the samples may contribute to such variability
Summary
Ligularia fischeri (Ledeb) Turcz (LFT) is a well-known expectorant and active anti-inflammatory agent in Chinese traditional medicine. This study aimed to evaluate the differential composition and anti-inflammatory mechanisms of the volatile components in LFT from different production areas. LFT has antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects, resolves phlegm, relieves cough, activates blood circulation, and alleviates pain, among other effects. The plant roots are rich in aroma and volatile oils. Volatile oil components in the flowers and leaves have been observed following steam distillation [8,9,10]. No studies have evaluated volatile oils in the roots by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HSSPME). Volatile oils are widely used in spice, food, and cosmetic production and have been shown to have antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities [12]
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