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Abstract
Small double-stranded RNAs with certain sequence motifs are able to interact with pattern-recognition receptors and activate the innate immune system. Recently, we identified a set of short double-stranded 19-bp RNA molecules with 3-nucleotide 3′-overhangs that exhibited pronounced antiproliferative activity against cancer cells in vitro, and antitumor and antimetastatic activities in mouse models in vivo. The main objectives of this study were to identify the pattern recognition receptors that mediate the antiproliferative action of immunostimulating RNA (isRNA). Two cell lines, epidermoid carcinoma KB-3-1 cells and lung cancer A549 cells, were used in the study. These lines respond to the action of isRNA by a decrease in the growth rate, and in the case of A549 cells, also by a secretion of IL-6. Two sets of cell lines with selectively silenced genes encoding potential sensors and signal transducers of isRNA action were obtained on the basis of KB-3-1 and A549 cells. It was found that the selective silencing of PKR and RIG-I genes blocked the antiproliferative effect of isRNA, both in KB-3-1 and A549 cells, whereas the expression of MDA5 and IRF3 was not required for the antiproliferative action of isRNA. It was shown that, along with PKR and RIG-I genes, the expression of IRF3 also plays a role in isRNA mediated IL-6 synthesis in A549 cells. Thus, PKR and RIG-I sensors play a major role in the anti-proliferative signaling triggered by isRNA.
Highlights
Oncological diseases are among the greatest challenges of modern medicine
Epidermoid carcinoma KB-3-1 cells and lung cancer A549 cells were used to identify sensors mediating immunostimulating RNA (isRNA) antiproliferative activity in this study, because, as highlighted above, it has been shown that isRNA inhibits proliferation of these cells [28, 29]
We selected cytoplasmic receptors RIGI, MDA5, NOD2, and protein kinase R (PKR), and the interferon regulatory transcription factor IRF3/7 as potential mediators or sensors of isRNA antiproliferative activity based on data in the literature [5, 7,8,9,10, 36, 37] and estimated the expression levels of the genes encoding potential mediators of isRNA action in the KB-3-1 and A549 cell lines to assess the possibility of their participation in the signal transduction in these lines
Summary
Oncological diseases are among the greatest challenges of modern medicine. Current approaches to cancer treatment, including surgical removal of tumor mass followed by chemotherapy or radiotherapy, are not always sufficiently effective due to incomplete removal of cancer cells resulting in disease recurrence and a high incidence of side effects. The development of new agents for antitumor therapy, combining low toxicity, and high efficiency, is required. Carcinogenesis is often accompanied by genetic and epigenetic alterations, resulting in the expression of tumor antigens. The immune system can recognize these tumor antigens as foreign, but tumors escape from immunosurveillance by exploiting various mechanisms and suppressing the immune response. Immunotherapy is a highly potent approach for the therapy of neoplastic diseases, which allow the activation of the host immune system and elimination of tumor cells
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