Abstract
Adipogenesis is the process through which preadipocytes differentiate into adipocytes. During this process, the preadipocytes cease to proliferate, begin to accumulate lipid droplets, and develop morphologic and biochemical characteristics of mature adipocytes. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a type of adult stem cells known for their high plasticity and capacity to generate mesodermal and nonmesodermal tissues. Many mature cell types can be generated from MSCs, including adipocyte, osteocyte, and chondrocyte. The differentiation of stem cells into multiple mature phenotypes is at the basis for tissue regeneration and repair. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) play a very important role in tumor development and have the potential to differentiate into multiple cell lineages. Accumulating evidence has shown that cancer cells can be induced to differentiate into various benign cells, such as adipocytes, fibrocytes, osteoblast, by a variety of small molecular compounds, which may provide new strategies for cancer treatment. Recent studies have reported that tumor cells undergoing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition can be induced to differentiate into adipocytes. In this review, molecular mechanisms, signal pathways, and the roles of various biological processes in adipose differentiation are summarized. Understanding the molecular mechanism of adipogenesis and adipose differentiation of cancer cells may contribute to cancer treatments that involve inducing differentiation into benign cells.
Highlights
Adipogenesis is the process through which mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) commit to the adipose lineage and differentiate into adipocytes
The fatty acidbinding protein 4 (FABP4) promoter was used to knock out STAT3 in the adipose tissue of mice, and the results showed that mice weight significantly increased and the adipocyte quantity increased compared with the wild-type mice [74]
Yang et al found that actin-related protein 2/3 (Arp2/3) knockdown seriously inhibited adipocyte differentiation of cells, and the cortical actin cytoskeleton was very important for the secretion of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) particles into cells as well as insulin signal transduction [128]
Summary
Adipogenesis is the process through which mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) commit to the adipose lineage and differentiate into adipocytes. During this process, preadipocytes cease to proliferate, begin to accumulate lipid droplets, and develop morphologic and biochemical characteristics of mature adipocytes, such as hormone-responsive lipogenesis and lipolytic programs. There are two kinds of fibroid pluripotent stem cells: bone marrow and adipose mesenchymal stem cells Another group is fibroblastic preadipocytes, which have a single direction of differentiation, namely, lipid differentiation, including. We highlight some of the crucial transcription factors that induce adipogenesis both in MSCs and in CSCs, including the well-studied PPARγ and CCAAT enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBPs) [11], as well as other cell factors that have been recently shown to have an important role in adipocyte differentiation. We focus on understanding the complex regulatory mechanism of adipocyte differentiation that can contribute to the clinical treatment of human diseases, including those caused by obesity and adipocytes dysfunction, especially for the malignant tumor, which can be transdifferentiated into mature adipocytes
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